In this episode I further discuss the Jon Jones case, in particular I concentration on the ideas behind the pulsatile excretion of the long-term metabolite of Turinabol (M3) and the idea that this can be stored in fat and released when an athlete cuts weight. Make sure you like, subscribe, share and follow me on Instagram (@antidopingscience) Research Links: Discovery of the M3 metabolite in 2012 by Sobolevsky & Rodchenkov: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142641 Critique of this research: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305489931_Novel_metabolites_of_turinabol_WADA_moving_toward_illusions The 2018 research on the M3 metabolite: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ob/c8ob00122g#!divAbstract https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29570240 Research on the pulsatile excretion of Clomiphene in 2018: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30295816 The proposed WADA research on Long Term Metabolites: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/research/controlled-administration-trial-of-oral-turinabol-metabolite-confirmation-and Profile of Turinabol: https://anabolic.org/oral-turinabol/ Profile of Mibolerone: https://anabolic.org/cheque-drops-mibolerone/

Anti-Doping Science Podcast

Ep.36 - Is Jon Jones Storing Long Term Metabolites of Turinabol in his Fat Cells?

Earlier this week it was announced that Jon Jones’s urine produced an Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF) for a long-term metabolite for the Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) – which is known by it’s trade name Oral-Turinabol. This is the 2nd time this long-term metabolite has been discovered inside Jon Jones urine. This podcast covers a detailed discussion on Jon Jones’s previous anti-doping rule violation for Clomiphene, his 2nd antidoping rule violation for the M3 metabolite and a discussion of the reappearance of this metabolite in his urine. I also discuss the research that has been conducted so far on the long-term metabolite (M3 metabolite) of Turinabol. Links to all reference material is below: Article on Jon Jones Fighting History: https://mmajunkie.com/2018/12/ufc-232-preview-jon-jones-career-statistics-facts Article on Atypical Finding announced in December 2018: https://mmajunkie.com/2018/12/jon-jones-drug-test-atypical-result-ufc-232-moved-to-los-angeles-gustafsson-dana-white Article on Jones’s 1st AAF for Clomiphene: http://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/25608180/jon-jones-long-winding-road-ufc-232 Article on Clomiphene https://anabolic.org/clomid-clomiphene-citrate/ USADA High Risk List of Supplements & Supplement 411: https://www.usada.org/substances/supplement-411/ USADA Arbitration Report on 2nd AAF for M3 Metabolite for Turinabol: https://ufc.usada.org/wp-content/uploads/Final-Redacted-Award-Jones-and-USADA.pdf Discovery of the M3 metabolite in 2012 by Sobolevsky & Rodchenkov: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142641 Critique of Sobolevsky & Rodchenkov’s research: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305489931_Novel_metabolites_of_turinabol_WADA_moving_toward_illusions Synthesis of the M3 metabolite in 2018 (also discussing the extension in detection from the long term metabolite): https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ob/c8ob00122g#!divAbstract Confirmation of the M3 metabolite in 2018: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29570240

Ep.35 - Jon Jones & The Long Term Metabolite for Turinabol

In Part 1 we discussed the main arguments as to why we should ban drugs in sports - it is worth noting that the World Anti-Doping Agency has 3 criterion for placing a drug on the prohibited list 1) the drug will negatively impact athletes health 2) the drug is performance enhancing 3) the drug goes against the "spirit of sport" In Part 2 I read a paper entitled "A Moral Foundation for Anti-Doping: How Far Have We Progressed? Where Are the Limits?" by Thomas Murray. In this paper Murray further dissects the above three points (and particularly the idea of the "spirit of sport"). He believes that the spirit of sport (defined as "the pursuit of human excellence through the dedicated perfection of each person's natural talents") is much what draws people to watch sport. He believes the essential question for the future of sport is what values of meanings do we seek in and through sport - because if it is the above definition then drugs certainty should never be allowed. Make sure you are following me on Instagram (@antidopingscience) and you subscribe and share this podcast!

Ep.34 Why are Drugs in Sport banned? Part 2

Why is it that as a society we decide to ban drugs in the majority of sports? In a paper entitled "Performance enhancement and drug control in sport: ethical considerations" published in 2007 Dennis Hemphill suggests there are a number of conventional arguments that are used to support drug bans in sport: 1) Sport should be the testing of natural abilities 2) If drugs are banned it is unfair for athletes to use them, when others are drug free to maintain a "level playing field" 3) Drugs poses significant short or long term health hazards 4) An athlete using drugs can be thought to "coerce" others to have to take drugs out of fear of being less competitive - this argument is often used that if all elite athletes used drugs it would force young impressionable adults to use drugs. Hemphill also plays the devils advocate and describes philosophical flaws in each of the above arguments. For example: 1) There are many things that athletes do for sport that is unnatural (e.g. training at very high altitude, using equipment/technology that aids in sporting success etc) 2) A "level playing field" doesn't exist in sports in many different areas outside of drugs - there is uneven access to funding in different countries, access to training facilities, world-class coaching etc 3) Elite athletes push their bodies to the limit and their training regimens are probably not "healthy" 4) Young athletes may feel "coerced" to conduct unhealthy training practices, or nutritional practices that elite athletes use, yet there is no policing of this kind of information sharing. Part 1 will further discuss the above points and concludes that even given the above philosophical flaws in some of these mainstream arguments there is still a "pervasive disapproval" of drugs in sport - simply even if you can argue against some of these mainstream arguments society as a whole still seems something different about drugs in sport and as a majority doesn't allow them. Make sure you are following me on Instagram (@antidopingscience) and please share this podcast if you find it informative!

Ep.33 Why are Drugs in Sport banned? Part 1

In Ep.32 I sit down and discussing Hyperandrogenism in Athletics with Andrew Richardson. Andrew has a fantastic blog [http://strengthtrainingforyou.blogspot.com/] and has written a fantastic article on Hyperandrogenism inspiring this discussion. The governing body for athletics (IAAF) is going to introduce new rulings from 1st November 2018 where intersex athletes must have their serum testosterone levels below 5ng/dl if they want to compete in events from 400 up to the mile. One athlete has already taken the rulings to the Court of Arbitration of Sport so we will see what happens when they get enforced next month. Be sure to check out Andrew's blog and also please subscribe to this podcast and share it online!

Ep.32 Discussing Hyperandrogenism in Athletics with Andrew Richardson

In this episode I discuss the commentary entitled "Why The War On Drugs In Sport Will Never Be Won" by Smith and Stewart published in the journal of Harm Reduction in 2015. The idea is that the Zero Tolerance model of Anti-Doping that we currently have is failing and maybe as a society we should consider adopting a Harm Reduction model where athletes are given drugs by their physicians and their health is monitored. I go over their 6 point Harm Reduction model and then discuss the positives and negatives of this concept.

Ep31 - Why The War On Drugs In Sport Will Never Be Won

In Ep.30 I explain some of the horrific side effects the East Germany athletes were subjected to because of their compulsory involvement in state sponsored doping. Reports include 12 documented cases of surgery in males to remove breast tissue (because of gynecomastia and hormonal imbalances caused by the anabolic steroid intake). Many teenage girls where also masculinized (deepening of voice, growth of body and facial hair) because of the anabolic steroids they were forced to take! Some even developed ovarian cysts and had to stop competing! Listen to learn more. Make sure you are following me on Instagram (@antidopingscience) and Twitter (@antidopingsci) and you subscribe to this podcast! If you are enjoying please leave a review and share with your friends. This may be my last podcast for a few months - the summer is lining up to be particularly busy for me and I would want to make sure I keep putting out quality content. So I may pause releasing podcasts and then resume once I have more free time to make sure they are the highest quality they can be.

Ep.30: East Germany Doping Scandal Part 3: The Side Effects

In Ep.29 I cover the techniques the East Germans used to make sure their athletes rarely tested positive at International Events during the state sponsored doping programme. These tactics include screening athletes before departing for major events to guarantee the drugs had cleared their system and swapping dirty urine for clean urine when tests were conducted in East Germany! Listen to this podcast to learn more - I explain how sophisticated the screening programme was - for example they developed exact decay curves for when the drugs would clear the athletes systems so in come cases they let them leave the country, even though their urine was positive, as the scientists were so sure over the few days of travelling the drugs would have cleared their systems! Make sure you are following me on Instagram (@antidopingscience), Twitter (@antidopingsci) and you subscribe to this podcast! Thanks to everyone who shares this with friends or on their social media it makes a great difference to the growth of the podcast.

Ep.29 - East Germany Doping Scandal Part 2: Cheating Tests

In Ep.28 I start my 3 part series dedicated to the atrocities of the East German Doping Scandal. At the height of the programme over 1,500 doctors and scientists were employed and perhaps as many as 10,000 athletes where affected, the vast majority of which would have unaware of the oral anabolic steroids they were taking because they were described as “vitamin pills that would compensate for their lack of nutrition”. The oral anabolic steroid Oral-Turinabol was the most commonly supplied steroid by this state sponsored doping machine. The steroid was supplied to male and female athletes, some of which were as young as 10 years old and particularly for female athletes this resulted in permanent masculinisation of body parts. This Podcast provides an overview of the scandal - the statistics above only scratch the surface..... If you enjoy this podcast make sure you subscribe and tell your friends, this is the only way the podcast will grow! Make sure your following me on Instagram (@antidopingscience)

Ep.28 - East Germany Doping Scandal Part 1: An Overview

The use of androgens, frequently referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), has grown into a worldwide substance abuse problem over the last several decades. Testosterone was isolated in the 1930s, and numerous synthetic androgens were quickly developed thereafter. Athletes soon discovered the dramatic anabolic effects of these hormones, and AAS spread rapidly through elite athletics and bodybuilding from the 1950s through the 1970s. However it was not until the 1980s that widespread AAS use emerged from the elite athletic world and into the general population. This is the beginning of the abstract of a paper entitled "History and epidemiology of anabolic androgens in athletes and nonathletes" written by Gen Kanayama and Harrison Pope which was published in a 2017 special edition of the Journal of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology which focused on Anabolic Steroids. In this podcast I read this paper, it really is a fantastic paper that discusses the history of steroid usage in society from the 1930's to the present day. Please share this with a friend if you are enjoying this podcast!

Ep.27 - A History of Steroid Usage in Society

The Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport is our greatest weapon in the fight against doping with the naturally produced steroids (Testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone and the prohormones Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androstenedione). The main parameters of the urinary steroid profile are the concentrations and ratios of the testosterone metabolites androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Etio), 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5β-diol), in addition to epitestosterone (E) (which originates from the biosynthesis of testosterone) and testosterone (T). The ratio of the most importance is the T/E ratio. In the 1980's a T/E ratio of greater than 6 was indicative of testosterone of doping, but in 2004 WADA lowered it to 4, the idea being when you take testosterone it increases the amount of testosterone in your urine but epitestosterone levels are maintained. However in 2008 it was released that individuals who lack two copies of the UGT2B17 gene and thus have no UGT2B17 enzyme, naturally have T/E ratios that are very low and therefore can inject testosterone and never go above the 4/1 cut off. The UGT2B17 enzyme is responsible adding glucuronic acid to testosterone thus enabling it to dissolve in water and be eliminated in the urine, so if you lack this enzyme you don't put much testosterone in your urine, you have a low T/E ratio and can dope and not surpass the 4/1 limit. With the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport the T/E ratio (and others) are monitored through time and a sophisticated Bayesian statistical program compares data points to each other to create a individual reference range. If a newly collected data point goes outside of this range you create an Atypical Passport Finding (ATPF) and this result is subsequently investigate by a team of experts. Thus a personalized reference range is created that is far superior to using a population defined threshold of 4 because of the aforementioned genetic confounding factors. Listen to find out more! Make sure you share this podcast with a friend and you leave a positive review if you are enjoying the podcast and please don't forget to subscribe!

Ep.26 - The Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport

Grigory Rodchenkov, previous head of the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory and star of the movie Icarus is currently living under the witness protection program in America and according to his lawyer is in fear of his life. Before Christmas he was interviewed by Hajo Seppelt, who made the ARD Documentary "The Doping Secret How Russia Makes it's Winners" in 2014. This documentary caused the WADA McLaren reports to be created that subsequently proved Russian State Sponsored Doping, resulting in Grigory fleeing the country and disclosing how the scandal took place to Brian Fogel & the New York Times - with Icarus then being made. It is a rare opportunity to hear from Grigory & this interview provides further details on the "duchess cocktail" of anabolic steroids given to athletes, the inadequacies of the London 2012 testing, the fact he was asked to spike Ukrainian athletes urine because they were beating Russians and the fact he thinks Olympic weightlifting should be banned for the next 8 years. If you are enjoying the podcast please share it with a friend, subscribe and leave me a review!

Ep.25 - Grigory Rodchenkov - I'm Happy I Disclosed the Russian Conspiracy

In Ep.24 I discuss what SARMS are & how they mechanistically work in the body. The whole concept of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMS) is that, unlike steroids, they have the ability to exhibit tissue specific effects inside the human body. The are designed to preferentially activate the Androgen Receptor (AR) in muscle and bone, but not the prostate or other tissues. Therefore they theoretically have the ability to give the positive anabolic effects of steroids, but not some of the unwanted side effects. In this podcast I describe the mechanism of how this distinction is possible by going into detail about AR activation. Please subscribe to this podcast, leave a review and share it with your friends.

Ep.24 - SARMS, What are they & how do they work?

In Ep.23 I discuss a groundbreaking study conducted in 2001 that aimed to investigate if testosterone increases muscle mass in a dose dependent manner. 61 healthy young men were randomized into 5 groups. Each group had their internal testosterone production suppressed via gonadotropin-releasing hormone injections and then subsequently received weekly injections of either 25mg, 50mg, 125mg, 300mg or 600mg of testosterone enanthate for 20 weeks. The men were encouraged NOT to resistance train or undertake heavy endurance exercise during the study. The results were spectacular... in the 600mg group 8.9kg of Fat Free Mass was gained (as determined via DEXA) and 2kg of Fat Mass was lost!! Listen to the rest of the episode to find out what other interesting things this study found. If you are finding this podcast interesting make sure you are following me on Twitter (antidopingsci), Instagram (antidopingscience) and that you share this podcast with a friend, it massively helps with the growth of the podcast!

Ep.23 - Steroids Increase Muscle Mass by 8.9kg in 20 Weeks Without Resistance Training

In Ep.22 I try to answer the question what are the negative side effects of taking steroids? I review a fantastic paper called "Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Athletes" published by Fred Hartgens in the Journal of Sports Medicine. I start by discussing the side effects of using Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) and then I review the negative side effects on the reproductive systems and cardiovascular systems when someone uses above physiological levels of testosterone or uses synthetic anabolic steroids. I also touch upon the side effects on your psychology (is roid rage a thing?) and introduce the idea of becoming dependent on steroids, as I will cover dependency in a future podcast. Everything I discuss is evidence based and I try my best to give an unbiased view and simply discuss what studies and case reports describe in the literature. I also discuss my opinion on steroid usage. Make sure you are following me on Instagram (@antidopingscience) and Twitter (@antidopingsci). Please subscribe to the podcast and leave me a review on iTunes, or tell you friends about the podcast - it really helps with it's growth!

Ep.22 - The Side Effects of Taking Anabolic Steroids

A Podcast about Anti-Doping Science Research by a PhD Student. How do we scientifically prove there are banned substances inside an athletes body? How do we catch drug cheats and fight doping in sport?

hubhopper

Anti-Doping Science Podcast

hubhopper