 Nineteenth Amendment - Who, what, when, Why  Ben -  During the midterm elections of 1918, Woodrow Wilson had to address the issue of women’s suffrage sufficiently, for fear of public outcry if he didn’t. One figure that can be cited as being a powerful force throughout this movement was Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1900-1904 and 1915-1920. The organization and its members pressured Congress to change laws that discriminated against women and minorities.  Jonathan- The 19th Amendment was passed on May 21st 1919 by James R. Mann, This amendment ensured females could vote equally as men could. A right known as women's suffrage was ratified in 1920 Which just ensured that women can vote in local or national elections.  Audrey - So the 15th amendment allowed black males to vote and the 19th amendment is exactly the same thing just instead of race this time it’s about gender. Before the 19th amendment women’s suffrage was actually kind of a state to state thing so like women could vote in some states starting with New Jersey which never restricted women’s rights to vote. Then after the civil war there were a bunch of new states like Utah, Washington and Wyoming, whose state constitutions allowed women to vote. A big reason behind that was to encourage women to move to the west but it also got more states to want to let women vote state to state until it got to a more national level.  Illy- The women’s suffrage movement was founded in the mid-19th century by women who had become politically active through their work in the abolitionist and temperance movements. In July 1848, 240 woman suffragists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, met in Seneca Falls, New York, to assert the right of women to vote.    President Hoover has a reputation for dithering in the face of the Great Depression, but what are some policies he enacted to counteract the economic crisis?  Ben - President Hebert Hoover was tasked with managing America in one of its most vulnerable times. The Great Depression was caused by a number of factors, things like the farming crisis, income inequality, and a dangerously thriving stock market, all of which nearly destroyed the economy. This wasn’t an inevitable thing either, economists warned Hoover and Coolidge, (the president before him), that if they didn’t change things drastically, the economy would crash like never before. Maybe he did deserve the reputation of hesitation around the Great Depression. But I mean, what would you have done? (just saying it was a hard situation don’t actually answer that)  Audrey - A lot of Hoover’s policies didn’t go very well and he kind of got blamed for a lot of the problems the US was having, which presidents often do. He didn’t want the government to get too involved because he was afraid of socialism and he also didn’t really do anything to help unemployment.   Illy-  he took office in 1929 the same year that us economy plummeted so yes like ben and audrey said he did get blamed for a lot of things that happened to the US because he didnt realize the severity of the event going on in his own country something i also found out that may have been a contributing factor in the way he managed this country was this quote from his inauguration “I have no fears for the future of our country”    What is the 18th amendment to the Constitution? When was it ratified? Why did we need it?  Ben - The 18th amendment is the only amendment in the constitution to ever be repealed. Ratified in most states in 1919, this amendment put in place a country-wide ban on alcoholic beverages. ( except 2 states ) Things like religious consumption of wine were still allowed, but any possession or redistribution of alcohol was illegal.   Audrey - So it might sound a little extreme to make alcohol illegal but it was causing real problems. Not only were people drinking 3 times as much as they do today but the alcohol was much more potent. And with the war going on it was kinda like if you wanna defeat the Germans you better stop drinking.  Illy- ok so who likes being told what to do ik i dont but basically we made the 18th amendment and all it did was make sneaky ppl and they were known as bootleggers and these bootleggers would make alcohol and then sell it to people      What is “The Lost Generation”  Ben - Back in the 20’s this term used to mean veteren, or generally anyone involved in, or affected by, the great war. Nowadays we define “The Lost Generation” as anyone born from 1883-1900. The Lost Generation experienced a lot of things that we can only imagine, the popularization of the telephone and typewriter, and a drastic rise in production of cars. By 1929, half of all American families owned a car. It must be confusing to see cars as a luxury, then go to war, come back, and now everyone has one.  Audrey - When all the luxuries like cars, radios and washing machines, started getting popular, many Americans were going deep into debt to have them. That meant that if the economy struggled, which it obviously did, a lot of people were gonna be in trouble.  Illy- people who came back from the vietnam war were also referred to as the lost generation as well      What is the Anti Imperialist League?  The Anti Imperialist League was formed in 1898 to combat America’s takeover of the Philippines. They believed that by being Imperial, America was going against everything it stood for, the values that people like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln tried to bestow upon this country. These values are things like non-intervention, self governing, and consent of the people.  Audrey - There were a lot of members of the anti-imperialist league who didn’t really  have anything in common. Obviously they all thought imperialism was bad but they all had different reasons. Some examples are Andrew Carnegie, who was a big businessman and one of the richest people in the US, Jane Addams, who kinda created the job of social worker, and then there’s also Mark Twain who, I think we all know, is a famous author. So the league was made up of all kinds of very different people with one common belief.  Illy-  so basically these guys motto was “consent of the governed” and they basically thought that america didnt revolve around this and they got mad and formed this group out of spite     The Meat Inspection Act   Ben - When I read the contents of the Federal Meat Inspection Act, I thought it was crazy that something like this wasn’t already in place. This law, put in place in 1906, specifically makes it so that if you sell any meat, you have to disclose what the meat is. Before this you could get away with not telling anybody or putting on a wrong label and nobody could press charges against you.   Audrey - Before the meat inspection act packing plants were developing assembly lines to more efficiently process and pack the meat but they weren’t restricted much by the government and because of that they were unclean and were producing meat unfit for human consumption. The packing plants did have inspectors but they would specifically pick inspectors so nothing would ever be inspected well. For example they would take dead rats and pieces of old meat off of the floor and call it sausage.  Illy- basically dont put the wrong label on the meat and then this wont happen like what did they expect to happen when people continually would wrongly label and taking things that werent usually made into meat product This law implemented 4 additional clauses, first and second is inspection of livestock before and after slaughter, third is higher sanitary requirements for slaughter houses, fourth is authorizing the entire U.S. department of Agriculture to monitor the entire process. So from the time the cow is born to the time it gets put in a store, they get to see it all and make sure nothing dishonest is going on.   Pure Food and Drug Act  Ben - The Pure Food and Drug Act, similar to the Meat Inspection Act, is pretty self explanatory. Signed on the same exact day as the Meat Inspection Act, meat packing companies got hit pretty hard. Food isn’t the only thing these laws affected, however.  Audrey - Another problem with the drugs is they were being labeled incorrectly or dishonestly, similar to the problem with the meat. That was obviously very dangerous because people didn’t know what they were actually taking. The worst case was in 1937 when elixir sulfanilamide contained a poison and killed 107 people, many of them being children. That made it clear how important food and drug safety was and encouraged the pure food and drug act.  Illy-  basically the problem people  are dishonest little turds and they cant jus help people out by doing what they are supposed to Certain drugs were deemed addictive, or dangerous. Morphine, Opium, Alcohol, and Cannabis were all deemed addictive or dangerous. These laws also led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.  

Emancipation Podcast Station

4.6 - The 19th Amendment and the the 20's

  Westward Expansion - (bring up Economic, social, and cultural development) Gabriel - I want to talk a little bit about manifest destiny so manifest destiny was the idea that the united states was destined by God which lets be honest if your expanding and taking territory you better believe your destined by god like nah dude im just evil love expanding through violence or not  Caydan - The louisiana purchase took place in 1803 was a event where thomas jefferson wanted to buy the land around the mississippi river so that he could transport goods easily across it he bought the land from france for 10 million dollars after previously rejected overs of a lower sum  france agreed  because they needed cash for the war they were gonna fight with britain they also added a ton of other land between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains which sounds great but in reality they really did not own the land because native americans still inhabited the land  Illy- so the westward expansion started after the louisiana purchase which was like around 1803 i think and people took this opportunity to explore this new territory, so the native americans lived very differently than the settlers moving in the westward expansion and because of this the colonist called them savages and tried to change their way of life, when the settlers started moving to the west they needed land to live on so what did they do? the only thing they knew how i guess because the didnt even think of any other way to get land other than kicking all of the indians out and said hey you can either become a citizen and start living like us or you can leave and we’ll take your land for ourselves anyways   Audrey - In 1820 the US was a young nation with just 22 states. 11 were free states and 11 were slave states. But then Missouri, which was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase, wanted to be admitted into the Union as a slave state. This threw off the balance in congress because now there would be 12 slave states and only 11 free states. So as a kind of compromise, in exchange for Missouri becoming a slave state, Maine would be a free state. That evened out the power in congress giving equal representation while still letting Missouri be a slave state. This was called the Missouri compromise.    Jonathan-There was much population grown in the eastern states so the westward expansion began however that wasn't the only reason for the westward expansion.There was a lot of available cheap and fertile land for farming, also there an economic opportunity that was seen by many people and this opportunity was known as the california gold rush, along with this open land runaway slaves could settle without having to worry about having to hiding and just being able to live the rest of their lives free. Ben - Shortly after the Louisiana purchase Thomas Jefferson tasked two men to explore and map the entire area. In 1804, Meriweather Lewis and William Clark began an 8,000 mile journey joined by 43 others they had trained prior to the expedition. They encountered around 50 different Native American tribes during their travels, and there were no violent instances of first contact. Lewis and Clark actually had a very robust plan for interacting with the native people, they packed an assortment of trading materials and also carried coins with Thomas Jefferson’s face as well as the inscription “Peace and Friendship” which carries a different weight after what colonists did to the Native Americans.   The Gold Rush  Gabe - The gold rush started in 1848 when in california James W. Marshall who was building a mill for Johann sutter FOUND GOLD. news got out by 1849 we’ve got tons of people going to california for the gold sense it was 1849 the people were dubbed the name forty niner’s and this brought in around 300,000 people  Caydan- gold rush influenced the making of california with more people coming there and settling there. It also made industrial and agricultural develop significantly and led to the settling of the west coast states significantly   Illy-  well while the discovery of gold did influence people to move west and go to california the glory really didn last that long starting from 1848 and ended in 1855 which yes was prolly really like successful time frame for those people that made it there and found gold but what a lot of people don't know is that even after this rush ended people still kept coming to the west in search of gold and then were disappointed when they couldn't find anything  Jonathan- The gold rush attracted immigrants from around the entire world and by 1850 more than 25% of california's population was not born in the united states and when the amounts of gold began to drop miners started getting frustrated that they were not finding anything so they blamed the immigrants, California’s legislature then passed a foreign miners tax which brought a monthly fee of 20$ on non citizens which was equivalent to 500 dollars a month in today's money  Ben - The economic effects of the California Gold Rush can not be understated. There were countless technological advances industrially and in agriculture because of just how much people wanted to find gold. It brought countless profits to thousands of Americans and gave the economy a much needed boost. There were a lot of side effects, however. They needed water for the mining, which redirected a lot of it away from farms, drying up a lot of land. This left a large portion of California near destroyed.  Audrey - When people panned for gold that was called placer mining and when mining for gold was becoming more industrialized they started hydraulic mining which was where they would use pressurized water to blast rocks. It kind of left a mess and was destroying the environment but it was very effective. By the end of the 1850s mining for gold was mostly just a corporate thing.     The Dawes Act  Ebag - The Dawes Act in 1887 allowed the allotment of lands to individual indians not tribes and to extend the united states laws and protections and give indians territories I don't really know how to feel about this one i cant say its bad because technically we were giving indians citizen ship so they could get land just like us  Jonathan- So this act is named after senator henry laurens dawes.So this act actually completely reversed the long standing american policy which basically allowed indian tribes to have control over their land and practice their economic uses on their land, instead this act gave power to the president to divide the indians land. This act game men with families 160 acres, single adult men were given 80 acres and, boys were given 40 acres, while women got no land. Illy- So i mean i'm a little bit biased about this topic, but nobody ever really looks at it from the side of the native americans ,this topic also goes along with what i was talking about in the beginning and there are lots of native americans who didn appreciate this act because of the fact that they were here first so they didn think they should have to become a citizen just to keep the land and things they already owned for generations before then ,so while it may seem like it was a good idea and fair to the native americans it really wasn't i mean we pretty much said ok hey we are gonna let you have this land but not for your whole tribe or anything just for you individually and oh yea we’ll let you become  citizen in our country that we basically took from you guys!      Ben - From an honest perspective, without trying to assume that our ancestors had good intentions for everyone, this act seems to try and split and expand entire tribes to make their land easier to take. The plan that I can see, whether or not this was actually what they had in mind, was that it’d be easier to take a big piece of land from 1 person, instead of trying to take a big piece of land from a lot of people. The whole citizen gesture might’ve been more of a curse than a blessing too, because now if they wanted to keep any land, they had to follow any and all laws put in place at the time.   Caydan- i think that the dawes act was the people of the age trying to more civilize the indians by giving them land instead of them living in tribes trying to make them move like the men of that age  Audrey - All of the tribal lands were split into individual plots and only the native Americans who accepted these plots of land were allowed to become US citizens. That sounds like a pretty good deal but it went completely against how native Americans didn't feel like they should “own” land that they should just live on it and take care of it. And then in the end any of the land that was left was sold off to white settlers. So they took all their land, gave some of it back (with conditions), and then sold the rest.   Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion (Opens a modal)  Leirbag - Chinese immigrants in the 1820s was very few with a little 650 living in the us but by the end of 1852 over 25,000 chinese immigrants were attracted by quick fortunes of the gold by 1880 there were over 300,000 chinese  most in california many found employment in the transcontinental railroad alot of them actually got here using a credit ticket in which there ticket was paid in advance by an american businessmen who they were then indebted too for a period of work Few chinese planned to stay permanently but alot didnt have the funds to return home. Illy- so im gonna talk about mexican americans so in 1848 there was a treaty called the Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the mexican- american war and it promised the almost 75,000 mexicans already living in what had just become the american south west land and citizenship now only about 90 percent of them actually stayed and became citizens, but of course shortly after they became citizens and got land and everything else they began to loose it just as fast as they got it and i mean honestly i'm seeing a pattern here this has basically happened to anyone who has any kind of skin color other than white it seems so they tried to fight for their rights as american citizens but people of authority just looked the other way as more and more people lost their land  Ben - Greaser Laws, Sunday Laws, and the Chinese Exclusion Act made it very clear just how racist these political figures were. I think it’s been long enough now (over 100 years) that we don’t have to absolutely give them the benefit of the doubt. I still think it’s crazy how many blatantly exclusionary laws were passed back then, like everyone was just okay with it. I guess it makes sense considering how long it took us to figure out slavery is bad.  Audrey - Las Gorras Blancas (the white caps) were a group of rebel Mexican-Americans who fought back against the white settlers taking their land. They tried to intimidate the settlers by burning their farms, homes and crops in order to reclaim their land. The raiding never had any substantial success and several white caps ended up getting captured and beat so many others eventually gave up.   Jonathan-Prohibited by law in 1790 from getting US citizenship through naturalization. Chinese immigrants were faced with discrimination beatdowns from american settelers in the west. Chinese immigrants were looking for a better life and would participate in the gold rush, however they had to pay to get in just because of them being immigrants, the chinese community ended up coming together to make cultural centers in cities like san francisco. White Americans began to make anti coolie clubs which were clubs to discriminate against anyone from the asian descent. These clubs resulted in violence against chinese immigrants and teardowns of cultural centers.   Little Big Horn  Ben - June 25-26, 1876. This was the day of the Battle of Little Bighorn, this battle has really made me think. The Native Americans weren’t the helpless savages that the early colonists paint them to be, and this battle just proves that more and more every day. The significant forces of the native people goes to show just how hard the U.S. worked to take their land. It wasn’t just a “Well this is here so, lets take it” thing it was definitely a fight. There was never any question in their mind what they wanted from, and for, the Native Americans. Illy-  the battle of little bighorn was known to the lakota and other plain indians as the battle of greasy grass, ok honestly this is probably the shortest battle i've ever heard of in my whole life it was only 24 hours, something i just found was that Custer who was the major General at this battle was killed and along with 5 companies of the 7th calvary so for y’all that don't know a company can have two dozen or up to 200 soldiers in this case Custer had a total of 221 men fighting alongside with him   Jonathan - at midday custers 600 men entered the valley of little bighorn word spread pretty quickly that an attack was soon to come. Custer's soldiers panicked and spread out when they had seen as many as 3000 natives charging towards him and his 200 men that were still together he and all his soldiers were then all killed in under an hour.  Audrey - The battle of Little Bighorn is also known as Custer's Last Stand. Colonel George Armstrong Custer led his battalion in an attack on the main Sioux camp in Little Bighorn. Custer was incredibly outnumbered by the Indians who ended up defeating them in the battle and killing Custer. Even though the battle was a huge success for the Sioux, they ended up abandoning their camp at Little Bighorn and fled, scared the US army would send more enforcement. This battle kind of marked the beginning of the end of the Indian wars. Wounded Knee  Illy- so this battle took place in 1890 was in other words a giant massacre that killed almost 300 lakota (aka sioux) indians, these indians practiced a dance called the Ghost Dance and believed that if you practice the ghost dance then you would get to see the new world when the gods cleansed it and got rid of all non-believers including non-indians, on december 15, 1890 the reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull who was a famous sioux chief, who the officers believed was a Ghost Dancer ,and in this point in time was not a good thing to be, they ended up killing Sitting Bull in the process of arresting him and that just rose the tension that was building up to this battle   Ben - 1890 was 14 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, which emphasizes just how long they were fighting the entire Native American race. There was a three day blizzard after the massacre, and after it had ended they hired civilians to gather the dead and place them in a mass grave. The reaction of the American settlers was generally… positive. Many at that time were still not used to treating everyone like people, and there is an abundance of quotes calling natives “untamable creatures.”  Audrey - While trying to disarm the Sioux, a shot was fired and the US army opened fire on the Indians killing hundreds of men, women, and children. The few Sioux who survived fled. After the massacre, an official army inquiry not only exonerated the 7th Calvary but awarded medals of honor to 20 soldiers.   Jonathan- the troubles of wounded knee were not over yet, a virtual civil war broke out when two indian factions had a disagreement this fight left over 100 indians dead, Then 2 FBI agents were killed and the agency raided the area of the battle and arrested AIM  leader and held him responsible for the 2 deaths and he had life in prison. 

4.5 - Rise and Fall

     Emancipation Podcast StationWelcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.Episode #1 - Introduction to Government We are a govt -  tell us about how America came to have a governmentBen - Pilgrim code of law was put into place in 1636.  Annual elections, a General Court, and seven council assistants was how they divided most power. There were oaths and jurys and everything you might expect from a basic democratic government. However, in other aspects like currency, they were very behind. An official currency separate from the british types of money wasn’t issued until 1775, a single year before the Declaration of independence was signed. (This currency was named “continentals”)caydan-The  constitution and the fight for it to be ratified-the constitution  is the basic groundwork for the whole united states the three main points being inherent rights,      general rights of being a human rights government ruled by the people  the people pick those in power the separation of powers     checks and balances making no one person hold to much power                                                                                   audrey - The pilgrims didn’t have lasting economic success so after the early 1630s some of the original people including Brewster, Winslow, and Standish left to start their own communities. Because of the cost of king Phillip’s war colonies were struggling even more. After about a decade the king appointed a colonial governor to New England and soon Plymouth just became part of massachusetts.Illy- articles of confederation (1777-1781) the continental congress pretty much decided that the new states needed some kinda government after the split from the british and so they created this honestly terrible weak one and called it the articles of confederation but like i said it was terrible and weak so they ended up havin to throw it out because they left most of the power to the states and that went south really fast because they all had different ideas of how to govern themselves so it of course led to chaos and then they later came up with the declaration of independence which is what we still use today.Jonathan - The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.Ella - The U.S government took a lot of inspiration from their British heritage. They used ideas and traditions from their past. The events that happened at the time also had an impact on how the government was formed.  Juan- The United States is a constitutional democracy, a type of government characterized by limitations on government power spelled out in a written constitution. Written in 1787, the U.S. Constitution is both the oldest and shortest written constitution in the world. It serves as the supreme law of the United States. The Bill of Rights - What are they and what is included? Caydan - 1 Freedom of religion and speech 2Right to a militia and right to bear arms 3You can not be forced to house a soldier in time of war or otherwise 4Can not search a house without probable cause  g5no person can be convicted of crime unless there are good facts innocent until proven guilty 6Right to a trial with a lawyer and for the trial to not be delayed and to know the nature of the crime you are being convicted of7 in civil law the right to sue people if money is more than 20 bucks in federal court              8 no cruel or unusual punishment9 natural rights cannot be taken away 10 everything that doesn't fall under these is controlled by the states Caydan- There was a ton of debate whether these rights were to be added or not between the federalist and anti federalists The federalist did not think the bill of rights was necessary and that the constitution Was enough the antifederalist demanded the rights be written down Where the federalists thought people would think they have no rights if they were not written down  Ben - The bill of rights was approved and put into effect in 1791, and despite how much it seems to change the government, really didn’t affect the lives of citizens as much as it may imply since it was more about how the government treats citizens, and less about citizens inherent rights. Later amendments had a large impact, though. audrey - When the Bill of Rights was being written they were concerned they would be limiting their rights by writing them down so to make sure they didn’t lose any rights the 9th and 10th amendments were written. The 9th amendment “Non-enumerated rights are obtained by the people” basically is saying that the bill of rights isn’t a complete list of all the rights. The 10th amendment “Rights not delegated to the federal government reserved to the states or the people” which means if a right of the federal government is not specifically said by the constitution then it is up to the states and people to decide.Illy- pretty much without the bill of rights everybody would jus think they could do whatever they please which is not true, the bill of rights outlines our basic rights to the stuff we ARE allowed to do  Gabe - All of these things are true id just like to throw in really that they clarify the rights we already had they make sure that us as citizens CANNOT under any circumstances lose our basic and most fundamental rights  Jonathan- The bill of rights just covers our rights as citizens in the United states and enforcing that those rights are not violated in any way or manner.Juan- These amendments in the Bill of Rights guarantee essential rights and civil liberties, such as the right to free speech and the right to bear arms, as well as reserving rights to the people and the states.Ella - The U.S. version of the Bill of Rights was written by James Madison. He wrote them in response to the states wanting better and more secure individual rights. Amendment 11 - When and why was this amendment added?gaincaydan- this one i find interesting it was put into place after alexander chisholm tried to sue  georgia over him giving them supplies during the revolutionary war the 11th amendment nullified this later making  sovereign immunity valid aBen - The eleventh amendment was passed to stop biased court cases, but the wording makes it confusing, as there are now several different interpretations in modern day. I don’t know if it’s right to have an opinion on this, but I’m not going to law school so I guess it doesn’t matter. I just think its simplest if it means the U.S. courts have a limited amount of power when it comes to suing foreign countries and foreign citizens, to prevent a considerable amount of bias and mainly to simplify contradictory laws.Gabe - I will start by saying what the amendments are so the amendments were rules almost or privileges for the american people and they gave us the right to have things no matter what some dag nabit government says. Amendment 11 is a protection for united states citizens to protect them from a states laws so imagine you can do something in one state but not in the other you cannot be persecuted by one state in another to protect citizens from the exact problem. Illy- so basically i can not go and sue my a state bc of this amendment which is a good thing bc if this didnt exist then EVERYBODY would sue the state over meaningless things like taxes or something yk or bad vacations lol Audrey - For example, if an individual has a case against the state he lives in he has to bring the lawsuit in the District Court of that state and there’s some exceptions but very few.  Ella -The 11th amendment was created to overrule the supreme court. While a state cannot be sued, but federal court can force state officials to follow the law.  Jonathan-So this amendment seems like it applies more to the country/state for lawsuits such as getting a divorce in a different state from the one which you were married.  Juan- The Eleventh Amendment's text prohibits the federal courts from hearing certain lawsuits against states. The Amendment has also been interpreted to mean that state courts do not have to hear certain suits against the state, if those suits are based on federal law. Amendment 12  -When and why was this amendment added? Ben - The 12th Amendment is enforcing the security of the electoral college and its votes. It says they must cast both their votes, presidential and vice presidential. Because sometimes not voting is more powerful than voting, especially in such a complex political environment.audrey - The reason the 12th amendment was put into place was because in 1796 and 1800 there was a problem with the electoral college. The way it worked was instead of some people running for president and some people running for vice president everyone just ran in the presidential election and each elector would vote for 2 people and whichever candidate came in 1st was president and whoever came in 2nd was vice president. So obviously the federalists would vote the 2 federalists and the democratic republicans would vote the democratic republicans. But somebody has to throw away their vote so there’s not a tie so like one of the federalists would vote for who they all want as president and then one of the other candidates that way the person they want as vice president comes in 2nd. But it wasn’t always clear who was going to throw away their vote so in 1796 they ended up with John Adams in 1st and Thomas Jefferson in 2nd. And then in 1800 it was Adams vs Jefferson and nobody threw away their vote so they tied. Gabe - Ray vs Blair(1952) is an example of the 12th amendment where ray the alabama executive committee chairman who was in charge of certifying electoral candidates had declined Blair because he refused to pledge to protect the nominees. Now this isn't required but ray still had the authority to who he could certify this led to a lawsuit where blair declared a writ of mandamus which is an order from the court that directs an inferior government official (ray) to fulfill his duties and fix the abuse of freedoms they used the 12th amendment saying that ray making blair pledge restricted electors freedoms voting in state primary ray then applied for writ of certiorari which makes a lower court give all the records of a specific court because the alabama court referred to the constitution which was a federal document they granted certiorari and proceeded to hear the case they used alabama's supreme court decision the court said that a state has the right to exclude potential electors if they don't pledge to support for a nominee the court also decided that the 12 amendment did not protect individuals from requiring elector candidates to pledge their support for a nominee nor does such a requirement deny individuals of their equal protection rights under the 14th amendment. Caydan - The 12th amendment came into play on feb 9th 1825 were andrew jackson and john adams neither received the majority of the electoral votes then the three candidates that received the popular votes where to be put in the white house so representative henry clay used his influence to support john adamsIlly- so while i was researching this amendment i found something that was actually pretty recent with the case Chiafalo v.s. Washington back a few years ago in 2016. So these dudes Peter Chiafalo, Levi Guerra, and Esther John decided to all violate their pledges and support the same candidate which in this case was the (oh so great) Hilary Clinton (whoop dee doo) pretty much they got a slap on the wrist and a $1000 fine and the courts made a big announcement abt it all and was like the next time this happens there will be more severe punishments for the people who do it (now ur taking a view illy)(?? Jonathan- so basically what this amendment seems to be is that there needs to be a vote for vice president as well as the president. The 12th amendment was passed because the tie vote between Jefferson and Burr in 1801 and the Electoral College were pointing out many problems with the electoral system.  In 1804, the passage of the 12th Amendment corrected these problems by making separate votes for President and Vice President needed/ necessary.Ella - The presidential election in 1824 since the amendment was added that resulted in the house deciding because no candidate got majority vote.  Juan- The 12th Amendment provided for separate Electoral College votes for President and Vice President, correcting weaknesses in the earlier electoral system which were responsible for the controversial Presidential Election of 1800.That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

.1 - We are the Government

Intro EpisodeWelcome to the Emancipation Podcast Station where history is researched and retold through the eyes of high school studentsWho are you, and what grade are you in?1 Ben - 10th2 Jonathan, 9th3 audrey, 11th4 illy 11th5caydan- im 9th6Gabe - im 11th Juan EllaIf you’ve participated in the past, what are you most looking forward to in this year?If you have not participated in the podcast, what made you choose this over your regular curriculum?1 Ben - I’m most looking forward to working on new topics with the confidence that I can educate listeners and lead a project that is not only fun for those involved, but also entertaining for those who view it.2 Jonathan-I'm looking forward to being able to learn new things and be able to work based on my own points and research rather than being told what to do and having random facts crammed in my head that I will probably never even need to know. I chose to do a podcast over my regular curriculum  because I thought it would be a good idea to try out new things and be able to show my work and how I think.3 audrey - I used to hate history because I just got bored but it’s my favorite subject now because I can really get into the stories of people so I guess I’m most excited about learning about people from the past.4 illy- learning interesting new facts about major events that a lot of people don’t usually know about and actually bein able to understand events that shape the world we live in today!5     i  found it more  interesting to research my own topics than have them hand fed to me i feel it gives me more freedom to learn about the points i want to learn about and keeps me from only learning about what others think is important cause i may find different things important 6Gabe - improv  Juan EllaThat’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning. 

4.0 Season 4 Intros

Countries   Skylar - United States - The United States was making very dramatic changes in the 1920’s. For the first time in forever people were actually living in bigger Cities rather than living on farms in the middle of nowhere. The united states worth doubled. A lot of people were kind of confused at first on what was happening, but it ended up being a pretty cool time for the united states. Gabe - Russia - in the early 1920s russia had a civil war which put the bolshevik party into leadership and they made the chaka which then changed names a couple times and turned into the KGB and then soon the bolshevik was renamed to the russian communist party and right after the USSR was created   Ella - In the soviet union in 1920 The Soviet Union was formed and Joseph Stalin became the commander in 1922. Also in the 20s, 15 republics in Asia were united. That’s about all. Hunter- Europe- during this time in Europe it was known as the “Golden Twenties” reason being was because of the rapid growth of the European economy due to WW1 and the fact that the Germans had lot of money so repay the rest of the world.   Ben - The League of Legends was a group of countries formed after WW1 in order to keep the peace between nations for as long as possible. The League tried to upkeep peace but despite the sheer amount of countries dedicated to the cause, they couldn’t get the bigger countries like the U.S. and Russia to recognize their authority. America and Russia then continued doing what they wanted cause the League of Nations thought if they tried to stop something that was happening, they would get ignored because they weren’t well known, or even worse, get attacked by the nations they were trying to stop. Ultimately though, WW2 complicated things and thats why they ended up disbanding. They might’ve been able to accomplish more if the war didn’t happen.   Audrey - In the 1920s Germany was dealing with the consequences of ww1. The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay 132 gold marks (US $33 billion) in reparations to cover the damage caused in the war. Even though the war had been over since 1918 there was still a threat of war so another thing in the Treaty of Versailles was the disarmament of the German army. Germany also lost many important portions of its territory to Belgium, France, Poland and Czechoslovakia. 7..   Politics   Skylar - Women’s Suffrage - the women’s suffrage was basically women fighting for the right to vote. This wasn’t all they wanted though. Women literally just wanted to be treated the same as men, and have the same rights that they have, which I think is completely fair. These women worked so very hard to get the rights that we, women have today.  Gabe - in the 20s there were 3 republican presidents elected consecutively   Starting with Harding who died after 3 years of presidency in 1923 he was one of the most popular presidents all the way up until after his death where the teapot dome scandal was revealed where the interior secretary albert fall leased naval oil reserves.    Ella - In 1920 on Wall Street, one of the busiest streets, there was a huge explosive, being carried in a horse drawn carriage. 38 people lost their lives and hundreds were injured. At the time it was called the worst terror attack to ever occur in America History.     Hunter- during this time sadly there was a lot of political issues…. Causing the rise of major political movements like communism and fascism, and which now adays we are trying to fight both of those movement   Ben - “Silent Cal” Coolidge was elected on August 3rd, 1923, sworn into office by his own father following the sudden death of the former president in the middle of the night, forcing them to use a lamp to conduct the oath. Coolidge’s presidency was somewhat dedicated to correcting the former president, Warden Harding’s corruption which rooted itself into the government through companies like the Harding administration.   Music/The arts   Skylar - Jazz music was known as the first contribution to music. Jazz music was known as “a combination of nervousness, lawlessness, primitive and savage animalism and lasciviousness.” It was a pretty chill type of music, in my opinion. Jazz music was kind of controversial topic, sometimes it was known as a “race record”.  Gabe - Along with the jazz broadways (woo woo!) prime years were in 1920s they actually had 50 musicals opening in one season people were paying $3.50 a seat crazy and the art people started digging that surrealist look i find them kinda creepy but hey its that was it back then Ella - Surrealism and Art Deco were two art movements in the 1920s. Surrealism was an art style with a more deep, weird, bizarre and “dreamlike” vibe. A lot of it was based on being unconscious.  Art Deco was a style or architecture made with modern and geometric design.    Hunter- another type of art during this time was the creation of short films!!! Like Mickey Mouse in……. Steamboat Willie by Walt Disney in 1928 which lead to what we know now as Disney Movies, Disney Pixar, and Walt Disney Pictures.   Ben - Photography started being accepted as a valid form of art in the 20’s and new photographers paved the way for many styles that we might see modern photography. As well as more photojournalism in the culture, it also strengthened the power of some movements now that they could be documented more accurately and empathetically.    Audrey - The prohibition of alcohol in 1920 led to an underground market of alcohol and the creation of places like speakeasies. They started small but as the Roaring Twenties came to its prime Speakeasies expanded to clubs that featured musicians and dancers. Even though they were illegal speakeasies were very popular. There were other places to go like private clubs, dance clubs, and jazz clubs. People would go to clubs to listen to new music and, since dancing was a huge part of the culture, they would dance the latest dances like the Charlston.  7.   Culture   Skylar - I’m going to talk about flappers. Flappers were women who were basically outlaws, they didn’t go by the rules for society. They did what they wanted. Usually these women would cut their hair short, either wore dresses or skirts, wore lots of makeup, and really flaunted what they had. They actually drove cars, which a lot of women didn’t do, especially in the 20’s.  Gabe - like skylar said this was about the time we went from you cant even see girls ankles you creep to little bit less dressy clothing all this fashion actually came from france they were the first to start dressing differently and then that just carried over to europe and america Ella - cars, radios and other products were being produced faster and at a better price so there were available to almost everyone. This was becoming known as the “machine era”. Also even more Americans were moving from the country to the city.    Hunter- another part of this time that i personally like…. Was the first Sports car race on May 26th, 1923. Aka the 24 hours of Le Mans. originally it was supposed to be a three year race in order to declare someone the champion. Little more context was that it was an annual race and every three races one winner would be declared.   Ben - As a culture of change arises in America’s roaring twenties, it made a lot more items commonplace, such as the car, or even things like the refrigerator. Much of this culture influenced how America now works today, and the baseline car only cost $260 ($3,300 today) causing more auto-mobile business to flourish. Things like gas stations and motels made travel easier, providing a fun economy as a sort of calm before the storm situation preceding the market crash.   Audrey - After the prohibition there was the rise of a culture of criminal celebrities. Bootleggers and gangster bosses would dominate entire cities with their illegal booze, gambling and other things. 7.   Technology   Skylar - cinema - the 1920’s were the big BOOM for hollywood films. Tons of new movies were being put out. In the early 20’s they were just silent films, but by 1927 they were finally putting sound in most every movie. Southern California was the most popular place for film production.  Gabe - electric was getting big the assembly line was one of the big push forwards in technology it allowed us to increase the time stuff was finished and I believe it was used to make the first cars  Ella - Radios!!!!!! Radios made stuff cool. They were said to have  “knitted the nation together,” They broadcast everything, news, music, politics and even comedy. Radios also helped people advertise.    Hunter- The Automatic Watch was an amazing invention that was created by John Harwood, it was the first self-winding watch mechanism. Which lead to what we now know as the wrist watch something that surprisingly is going away due to smart watches. -_-  NO    Ben - The telephone is getting normalized and the inventors are trying to figure out how to design it. The “candlestick telephone” was the first with a bell shaped speaker to hold up to the ear and a microphone attached to a pole to speak into. By 1927, the Model 102 had reached America after already being popular in Europe. It has a more recognisable curved two-in-one phone that would stay the same over the next few decades, although the base of the machine was constantly changing.     7.   Inventions/new things/etc.   Skylar - Medicine - Alexander Flemming was a scottish physician who was the creator of penicillin, which was a substance that could kill different types of bacteria. A lot of people ignored him at first, but people finally opened their eyes and seen what a wonderful thing it was.  Gabe - let me just name a few of the inventions that came out in 20s like Washing Machine, Radio, Vacuum cleaner, refrigerator, electric Dishwasher, Sunglasses i use all of these things Ella - In 1924, Gustaf Sahlin a sweedish inventor introduced america to a vacuum cleaner, specifically the Electrolux tank vacuum cleaner. The dirt removing efficiency was improved and brooms were forgotten. jK they still had brooms.    Hunter- One invention that made a major contribution was the Ford Model T. One reason is because of the fact that the Ford Model T was made specifically for the middle class to allow transportation for a more affordable price   Ben - The traffic light was invented after a police officer coming from detroit witnessed multiple car crashes on a day to day basis, his name was William Potts and he created it based off of railroad signals. He then sold it for a whopping $40,000 dollars, which might not sound like much for such an invention but inflation calculates that it would be over $500,000 dollars today.   Audrey - The first drive-in restaurant was opened in 1921. It started with a chain of restaurants in texas called the Pig Stand. The first one was on a highway between Dallas and Fort Worth. People would drive up to the restaurant, stay in their car and be greeted by a carhop and they would serve the people burger and fries on a tray that clipped onto the cars window. Later this turned into the drive thru. 

The Roaring 20's

B b Write a paragraph about each of the underlined topics.   If possible, try to use some of the topics from your lists.   European Front   skskskskskskskskskSkylar - the invasion of Italy started on September 3rd, 1943. This happened during the early stages of the Italian campaign of World War II. General Sir Harold Alexander was the one who “called” this invasion. His hopes were to take out Italy completely to reduce the shipping capacity that was needed to help the allied forces.  *if the next person wants to talk about what actually happened*   umbrElla - The invasion took place on mainland Italy. The main “invasion force” happened around Salerno on September 9 on the west coast, while two other operations took place in Calabria and Taranto   Emma - After Germany had started invading all the surrounding countries, France was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany. By 1940, they were invaded by the Nazis and quickly fell. After this, they were divided when Germany created what was called Vichy France (because of the city of Vichy which was made capital). They took over the southeastern section of France and installed their own people and military to rule it. The northern and western sections remained free for a couple of years, but later in 1942 were taken by Germany as well.   Gabe - from 1943 to 1945 a number of 60,000 allies were killed and 38,000 - 150,000 Germans were killed just in Italy the number of allied casualties were over 320,000 while the german casualties were over 330,000 Italy suffered 200,000    Illyana-The Allied invasion of Italy took place, during World War II (1939-1945). Having driven German and Italian troops from North Africa and Sicily, the Allies decided to invade Italy in September 1943. Landing in Calabria and south of Salerno, British and American forces pushed inland.   Audrey - Egypt had no part of the war but the Suez Canal (which is in Egypt) did. It’s a passage between the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It made it where you wouldn’t have to go all the way around Africa to get from Europe to the Indian Ocean. The British had control of it and obviously wanted to protect it so it would stay theirs but the Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan) would have loved to have it. So in Oct. 1942, the British are able to defeat the Axis and push them back all the way to Tunisia.   Pacific Front   Ella - The battle of Midway took place in the pacific, in June 1942. It was a naval battle that took place six months after the attack on pearl harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The united states navy defeated a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy. A  Military historian named  John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare"   Emma - Another major battle within the pacific front of the war was the battle of Okinawa. On April 1st of 1945, the allies invaded the Japanese island. For this battle, the United States created the tenth army, which was unlike any others because it had its own Air Force and naval forces. This battle was remembered for the intense level of fighting and was referred to as the “typhoon of steel”. The battle lasted 82 days and didn’t end until June 22.   Illyana- The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War and  was the center of World War II that was fought in the Pacific ocean and Asia also Okinawa became the bloodiest battle of the Pacific   Audrey - In 1944 the US was taking control of islands close to the Japanese mainland. They used the islands for their B-29 bombers to land and take off because they were way too heavy to land on a carrier. They could land on the island, refuel or get supplies and then take off again. With this, the US could get bombing attacks directly on Japan so they could get closer to the end of the war.   Skylar - the Doolittle raid, also known as the Tokyo raid, was named after Colonel Doolittle, who started this raid. What Colonel Doolittle wanted to happen was for the united states to attack japan, and bomb the mainland. Their plan was to send a carrier that could drop the bomb about 1000 miles away from the coast. After that they planned to send 16 B-25 bombers to the mainland of Japan- they actually followed through with their plan, but it didn’t quite go as planned, 14 of the 80 crewmen went MIA or died, but the united states still took this as a win.   Gabe - The Pacific Front was the allies against the Japanese and the Japanese wouldn't stop fighting man woman child and its because the generals convinced the people that Americans were evil and we were cannibals going to eat them “talk about fake news” finally after 2 atomic bombs Japanese surrendered and if you have ever read Japanese culture its not in there nature to surrender they actually would have there generals suicide rather than surrender but i heard a story about the Japanese and how when they surrendered to the allies the Americans didn't humiliate them they just treated them as equals and the person telling the story says that even if they were having someone surrender to them they would have humiliated the surrendering country which i think is something amazing about Americans as a whole because weren't there to win we were there to end the conflict   Mediterranean Front and Africa Gabe - North Africa didn't go so well for the Britain Italy started deploying motorized divisions along with Germany's Afrika Korps they pushed the British 100 mi east basically into Egypt and after that, the Siege of Tobruk began and they advanced into egypt    Illyana- one major resistance was the North African campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria, as well as Tunisia   Skylar - the Battle of the Mediterranean was the name for the naval campaign that was fought in the Mediterranean Sea. this lasted from the 10th of June 1940 to May 2nd, 1945. This battle was mostly fought between the Italian and the British. They were mainly supported by Poland, Greece, the Netherlands, and Australia. American naval and air units joined in 1942. Audrey -    The Holocaust   Ella - The holocaust was a time between 1941 and 1945 where around six million European Jews lost their life due to Nazi Germany. Most of them lost their lives from having to do extreme labor or dying in gas chambers, lol brutal     Illyana- during the Holocaust all Jews were made to wear a yellow star of David on all of their clothes and if Nazis saw you without it you were brutally beaten most of the time to death. Most of the Jews went into hiding during those four years like Anne Frank who is famous for hiding out in the walls which was made a bunker for her and her family above her father’s bank(also my family has a swastika patch which is cool but at the same time disturbing because we are Christians)   Gabe - The german Wehrmacht which was there military became like police but with more power and they participated in the holocaust this consisted of searching homes to find jews or anyone they just didnt like would work take them as prisoners and most likely kill them they also killed pow’s and they allowed scientists to do horrible things to these people   Skylar - im going to talk a little bit more about Anne Frank. Anne Frank is one of the most talked-about people during the holocaust. She kept a diary that was published. She talked about her struggles and how scared she was. The diary was written for two years from 1942 to 1944. It has movies and plays to kind of try to show the way she lived. Audrey - During the Holocaust around 6 million Jews were killed. This was ⅔ of the Jews in Europe and 1.5 million of them were children. It wasn’t just the Jews being killed though. Over 10 million civilians were killed, 3 million prisoners of war, and hundreds of thousands of both gypsies and people with disabilities were also killed. Leaders Illyana- The Allied powers were led by Winston Churchill (United Kingdom); Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union); Charles de Gaulle (France); and Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (United States). The Axis powers were led by Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki Tojo (Japan)   Ella - Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party as well as a German politician. His dictatorship lasted from 1933 -1945. He was not nice. He invaded Poland on September 1st 1939 initiating the war and he played a big role in the holocaust. He died by shooting himself in the head.   Gabe - Joseph Stalin he was a leader of the soviet union or Russia today he was, in fact, a dictator which means basically whatever he says goes and he says communism is cool so it kinda sucked especially when he decides that he wants to do a great purge and imprison and kill about 700,000 people   Skylar - Harry Truman was the president of the United States, he served as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. In the two months that he was apart of World War II he dropped two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima and the second one on Nagasaki, both during warfare to end the war.  Aftermath  Ella - after World War II ended, millions of people were homeless. Europe's economy had collapsed and most of its industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. This caused the US Secretary of State George Marshall to come up a plan he called “European Recovery Program” later to be known as the “Marshall Plan”. Because of the plan, the US gave $13 billion, ($146 billion in 2018)  for the reconstruction of Western Europe.    Gabe - there was a lot of people who wanted to execute all germans affiliated with war and America was like nuh-uh we are going to give them a fair trial and there was a lot of them that were killed still but there was quite a few who just got life sentences i mean its better than death   Skylar - When World War 2 ended it was the start of a new era. This started the rise of the united states, as well as the soviet union. Other places, like the united kingdom, were struggling through. Their economy had almost completely went to crap. The united states did help them by doing the lend-lease in 1941.    Illyana- Europe and Russia were hit the worst in the aftermath of WWII which actually help out us Americans build up our economy without the Europeans butting in. without WWII our world would be completely different 

3.1 - WWII All Encompassing

Welcome back to the emancipation podcast station, the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of high school students. This week...   Write your name, grade, favorite *event* in history, and ONE item you’d bring on a desert island   Emma - 12th, the moon landing, my phone   Illyana ~ 10th, Woodstock, An uber Audrey - 10th, the invention of AC, Dora (she has everything in her backpack) im Dora lollllolol  Gabriel-10th, my birth, electric guitar    Hunter- 9th, a trident,   Ella - 10th, the invention of the internet, a cruise ship   Skylar - 10th, the hippie movement , i would bring a whole chick fil a restaurant 

3.0 - Intros for Your World History Team

 The Emancipation Proclamation Station Welcome back to the Emancipation podcast station the place to hear about history, researched and retold through the eyes of Middle and High school students   Beginning of World War I: Ella - One of the known causes of world war 1 turning into a world war was the alliance system.  In 1839, the treaty of London was signed which was where Britain was going to protect the neutrality of Belgium. In 1879 the dual alliance treaty was signed between Germany and Austria-Hungary to protect each other from Russia. Many other alliances were also forming at the time. Ethan - Germany’s navy was starting to get threatening to Britain’s navy. Britain took necessary precautions and signed a document with France called the Entente Cordial, tipping the odds of any war in in their favor. This made Germany realize they were a threat and thought they were being pushed back down, so in turn they became more aggressive and ready for war. Hunter- something that happened about three months before the war was the assassination of: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, on June 28 1914, in Sarajevo, resulting in the July Crisis. How Austria-Hungary responded to this assassination was by issuing an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia’s reply to the ultimatum didn’t satisfy the Austrians, afterword the two moved to a war footing. Emma - The power that the nations of Germany and Italy possessed at the beginning of the first world war was impressive as it was, but we have to take into account how quickly they had acquired it. Both of these countries, though they had deep cultural roots, were very new as official nations. Both had formed during the Franco-Prussian war barely more than forty years previous but now held power over regions stretching from Africa to east Asia. Audrey - Starting in 1892 there was an alliance between France and Russia and this was the Franco Russian Military Convention. Then in the early 1900s there were a series of agreements between Great Britain France and Russia so that they were in good terms with each other. The alliance between Great Britain France and Russia was the Triple Entente (which means agreements). Skylar - World war I or sometimes known as the Great War started on July 28th, 1914, the war started in Europe. The war was in Africa, the middle east, Pacific islands, indian ocean, China, north and south atlantic oceans, and like i said Europe. They think that this war killed about 16 million people died from direct cause of this war. Gabe - The war started basically because russia wanted to protect serbia and germany wanted to protect austria so when austria went to fight serbia russia went to fight germany Ben - America only began to fight in World War 1 in 1917 ( April 6th to be specific ) with their allies. They had alliances with Russia, Britain, and France at the time, making them a strong force at the time. Led by major General John J. Pershing, 2 million American soldiers fought despite many American citizens wanting the country to stay neutral.   Other fronts of World War I: 1.Hunter- One of the many different fronts of the war was the Italian front,  the italians were apart of the Triple Alliance during this time, but italy stayed out of the war in 1914 because it claimed that Austria had not been attacked so therefor italy didn’t have to support Austria. In all reality the Italians had a secret agreement with the allies, the allies said that they would give the italians some Austrian territory if they attacked Austria-Hungary. EthanOL - As soon as the war started Japan decided they wanted what the Germans had. Japan was already allied Britain so that they could attack Germany without Britain growing apart from them. They attacked Tsingtao which was a German base in China. This was the first naval/aerial assault ever. They didn’t use exactly aircraft carriers but they did carry their aircrafts. This was called the Siege of Tsingtao which took place in 1914. Ella - Serbia was a very small country with approximately 4.5 million people and an army of around 400,000 soldiers. Almost everyone who could be in the army at the time was in it but it still ended up being destroyed with 60% of the army getting killed, which decreased Serbia's population by 16%. Emma - Italy’s agreements with the Triple Alliance and the Allies were only two of a long series of strategic alliances and deals the nation made on the road to the first world war. Their entry into the Triple Alliance was the first move, which was actually a surprising one, due to the fact that Italy and the Austro-Hungarian empire (another member of the triple alliance) had been enemies previously. Twenty years later, which still under this pact, they made a secret alliance with France. Twelve years after that, the Austro-Hungarian empire entered the war. Only one year later, they entered the treaty of London, an agreement with the Triple entente (england, russia, and france) to fight against their original allies, exit the triple alliance, and declare war on the Austro-Hungarian empire. 5.Skylar - Italy took part in the triple alliance in 1882 when they agreed to be apart of it, they were one of the first countries to take part in it. The whole reason that it was called the triple alliance was because there were three countries in it Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany. This was kind of a weird mix because they didn’t really like each other but still said they would protect each other if worse comes to worst. Italy was making deals with other places like france in 1902. It was kind of just a lot of back stabbing.  Gabe - The Italians helped the allies by attacking austria hungary which is in the triple alliance so basically they made an alliance and were like let's help each other i mean we all don't like each other and would love to see each other destroyed so why not make an alliance really smart and then they dont even help each other its completely useless   Ben - Japan played a big part in the fight for the West Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most of the reason Japan fought was because they wanted influence in China, but even with the help of Sun Yat-sen, they didn’t have many successes. 8. Western and Eastern fronts of World War I: 1.Hunter- during this time in the war the Germans were fighting two countries, one of which during the western front was France, the Germans had thought if they were to defeat the French (Russia’s ally) in four weeks then they could have an advantage against the Russians in the Eastern front. Ethan- The Germans realized that after the Franco-Prussian War, they were going to be due for another war with France. Germany unified in advance to make sure France had a disadvantage. The humiliation was huge and Germany took Alsace and Lorraine, which were mineral rich and valuable to anyone who controlled it. Germany realized this might hurt them later because France was allied with Russia so if there was war that it’d be on 2 fronts. Ella - The western front in world war 1  was much smaller that the eastern front, but the western front could uses trenches as a defence system since they had less land to defend. The eastern front however, could not use this method due to the land being so wide and them not having enough people to dig them. Even if they were able to dig some, they wouldn't have enough and the western people could easily go around. Emma - In February of the year 1916, the battle of Verdun took place when the Germans launched an attack on the French military at the border between Germany and France. Unlike a lot of the other offensive acts in the war, this battle was not intended to result in the gain of territory for the Germans. The point of this attack was to cause the French to send so many troops, and to cause so many casualties that the French would deplete all their resources and be forced to withdraw from the war. Audrey - In WW1 the Germans were using poison gas as a weapon. Some of the poison gases are chlorine gas, which would immediately cause you to choke to death, phosgene gas, which wouldn’t cause choking and this allowed the gas to get into to lungs and there was a delayed effect, and mustard gas, another that wouldn’t cause choking but it would cause severe blistering which would take you out of the war. Ben - Germany eventually gained peace with Russia on May 3rd, 1918. Russia accomplished this by giving Germany a significant amount of land. This was done under the Bolshevik Government of Russia, which was founded in 1917 after a revolution overthrew the provisional government. Skylar- After the battle of Verdun the british and the French decide to go against a different part of the front, this time close to the Somme river in july of 1916. This battle was the first time they used tanks, it was an extremely bloody battle. 8.   Blockades and American entry: Hunter- On May 7, 1915, a German submarine sunk the British ocean liner called Lusitania, ending in the deaths of nearly 1,200 people and that includes 128 Americans. The event strained diplomatic relations between Washington and Berlin, and turned public opinion on Germany. Skylar -   the united states had maintained being neutral in the war up until this point, Wilson had just won presidency again because he had kept the US out of the war. Germany was getting pretty desperate so they were going to go back to their idea of unrestricted submarine warfare but they knew if they did that the US would side with their allies.  In january of 1917 the Zimmerman Telegram was created by Arthur Zimmerman sent a encoded telegram to mexico, it was encoded because it had to pass through lines that the US controlled. He told them that he knows a way to slow them down. (if someone wants to go off of this that would b awesome) 3.Ethan - In April 1917 the administration had thought about it and Germany had took it too far, with their submarine warfare. President Wilson decided that war on Germany was inevitable and sent a famous message to Congress for why it needs to go to war with Germany. On April 4th Congress decided to allow war on Germany, and war pursued quickly. Now, many people were deciding for themselves why we were at war. Many public opinion were stated, some saying it was inevitable, some saying we should stay out of war. Ella - So the United States entered world war 1 for multiple reasons including them having financial ties, trade ties, and cultural ties with the British. Another reason being the British using a lot of successful propaganda. Gabe - im a take a step back to skylar so the encoded telegram was intercepted by the british and then shared with america and it said that they would help mexico take texas arizona and new mexico back from the united states if they helped the germans in the war Audrey - In November of 1914 the British declared the entire North Sea a war zone so if a ship came they would probably be destroyed. The ships especially couldn’t carry any contraband, and food was considered a contraband. So the Germans and the Austrians had to start rationing food to the point of eating only 1k calories a day. This was making the central powers weaker not only because they couldn’t get what they needed for war but people were dying and there were about 400k deaths due to starvation. Emma - In 1917, Senator George Norris issued a speech in opposition to the entry of the United States of America into the World War. In his speech he acknowledged that both England and Germany were wrong in the actions of war they had chosen to take; declaring certain areas war zones, but he did not support the entry into the war and listed several alternative actions that could have been taken. Ben - Most of the American soldiers starting arriving and began fighting on the battlefields of france on the twenty sixth of June. Britain and France also sent additional officers to help train the newly drafted American soldiers.   World War I shapes the Middle East: 1.Hunter- The first world war truly shaped the middle east, but the aftermath of the war made the largest change in the region as we know it. One of the events that had changed the middle east was when Russia had staked a claim on Istanbul and waterways linking the Black seas to the Mediterranean seas, and the French claimed Syria and Cilicia in modern day Turkey. Skylar - the British wanted the help of the Arab’s because they wanted them to fight the Ottoman’s on the Palestine and Sinai fronts. So they told Hussein bin ali if he helped them that they would give him free territory, for an independent arab state and he agrees. After that he names himself king of the Hejaz in 1916. Ethan -  Britain had a presence in the Middle East at the time of the end of the war. Egypt was under the protection of Britain, and when they didn’t get freedom until 1922 there was a sort of revolt. In the end the Egyptians won this slight war and obtained their freedom. At this time Britain was also protecting Kuwait and they have since the 1800s. They still did not get their freedom handed to them until 1961. Ella - In 1915, 6,500 people from the British army were sieged in Kut, after retreating from Ctesiphon by the ottoman Empire for 147 days till they were forced to surrender.  Gabe - The Ibn Saud ruled the basically the other side of saudi arabia right next to Hussein bin ali and he actually goes and takes the Hejaz empire and declares himself king of the sauds in the hejaz in 1926 and this is how you get saudi arabia Emma - The British troops (made up of all the various countries that were part of the British empire, such as India and New Zealand) started their Middle Eastern campaign at the southern end of Mesopotamia, near the Persian gulf. They moved northward along the Tigris river, capturing land until they held control over the majority of what is now Iraq. Meanwhile on the other side of the land mass in Egypt, they were on the defensive side of the war for quite a while while the Ottomans attempted, and failed, to take capture Suez canal from British control. 7.Ben - After the Middle East changed, a lot of its boundaries and borders did too. They looked a lot closer to what they look like today. This happens a lot with very large wars because tons of land gets conquered, traded, or destroyed. 8.   Aftermath of World War I Skylar - Woodrow Wilson gave a speech on January 8th, 1918 that is called Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points. The fourteen points were statements that Wilson gave to try to make peace with everyone and end the war. During his speech he talked about why he thought the war started and what they could do to end it with peace instead of hatred. He talked about free trade, how all conversations should be open for everyone to see, freedom of navigation, and many more things. 2.Hunter- the aftermath of this war truly was amazing, this war had changed so much of the world that we know now, for instance: WW1 had brought about the temporary political disruption of four venerable dynasties-- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey. This war also brought up a massive social disruption, as millions of women entered the workforce to support men who had went to war, and to replace those who never came back. Ella - World War one ended at the end of 1918, so in 1919 they started discussing the terms of peace so they held the Paris Peace conference. Now during the peace conference the winners decide the “terms of peace” but they all had different outlooks about it (someone plz build off of me if you can if not cool tho Gabe - One of the “Terms of peace” that came out of the Paris Peace conference is the Treaty of Versailles which probably was the treaty to germany it said that germany was gonna pay for all of the allies losses they had to pay something like 60 billion in today's money and that's not including the resources they payed they also were only allowed to have 100,000 men in there army there weren't allowed to have any u boats battleships tanks basically nothing mechanized and we took lots of their territory and split and was given to the allies 5..Emma - The Treaty of Versailles had a huge effect on the German economy and government at the time. Another term of the treaty was that they were not allowed to make an alliance with Austria, due to the cultural and linguistic ties between the two. They were also occupied by the allies in the Saar region of Germany, near the French border. This area was a large coal mining area and for fifteen years, all the coal mined there got shipped to France. That still left a large portion of reparations to be paid back in currency so the government basically printed a ton of money, and tried to convert it into other currencies which resulted in serious inflation all the way into the twenties. So when that happened and they could no longer pay in money, France occupied the Ruhr region and began shipping steel and coal out of there. Ethan - WWI left many families without a parent or without a child to come home to. Many soldier died in battle and from starvation, so in turn this was one of the most bloody battles in history. The U.S. lost approximately 116,708 soldiers in war. Not to mention the prisoners of war that died from many causes like starvation and disease. For those whose remains were never found we have the Tomb of The Unknown Soldier. This is a tradition that has been kept up since 1931 and have never not been guarded since then Ben - Strangely enough, World War 1 kind of helped Japan’s economy. The demand for japanese products became very large and the economy flourished for a time. This also happened similarly in America, because the American economy in the 1920’s was doing very nice. Audrey - There were approximately 16 million deaths due to WWI 8-10 million being military. About 60% of the soldiers deaths were the Entente and 40% were the Central Powers. But 6-7 million that died were civilians and out of that over a million of the civilian deaths were due to direct military action were the rest was caused by starvation and disease. 

2.8 - 20th Century Part One

1750 - 1900 Revolution and Enlightenment American Revolution:   Skylar - The war that has a bunch of names is commonly known as the Seven Years war. This was is also known as the French and Indian war, the war of the Conquest, the Pomeranian war, the Third Silesian war, and the Third Carnatic war. The Seven Years war actually lasted longer than seven years, it actually lasted nine, from 1754 to 1763. The reason that this war is known as a bunch of different names is because it was fought in a bunch of different places, since it was the first  global war after all. Ella - At the time England, France, and Spain were claiming land but each country was looking for different things. England was looking for territory especially on the east coast where they were going to send people and be able to expand. The french were wanting to be able to trade with Native Americans for things like fur and Spain wanted access to their sugar islands and metals. (The heck?)   Audrey - With the dates it started and ended the seven years war did last nine years but the reason it’s called the seven years war instead of the nine years war is the english actually didn’t declare war on the French until 1756. Ethan - This revolution was started because the 13 colonies wanted to be independent from British rule. One of the reasons behind seceding from British control was because Britain was becoming more and more nosy in America’s affairs. This was exemplified with “salutary neglect” which was where the internal affairs of America were fine with Britain unless they became unruly.   Emma - One of the largest aspects of the Seven Years war was the power struggle between the French and English Kingdoms. Politics and governmental trends were beginning to change around the world, showing signs of systems we are +   now familiar with. However, the idea of strong monarchs still held influence over many systems. This war determined which line of monarchs would hold world dominance to this day. 6.Hunter- So today looks like I’m the strategy guy. For a bit of the eighteenth century the French kept sort of the same strategy by letting the colonies fend for themselves or giving minimal help(like sending little amounts of troops or inexperienced ones) Now for the British strategy. The British tried to use as little troops as possible(by inclination and practical reasons) they looked to offset the disadvantage of this by of this in Europe by allying themselves with other continental powers who had similar goals to theirs. Now for the Russians and Austrians strategy. The Russians and Austrians were determined to take back land and power from a German state called Prussia (in which at the time was a new threat to them) Austria needed to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia in the War of The Austrian Succession. Ben - The seven year war end with the signing of the treaty of paris and the treaty of hubertusberg. England ends up in debt because of how much money they poured into the war, as everyone trades land around to eventually find a compromise. Gabe - im going to add on to what ethan said the american revolution were becoming the 13 colonies and this is when the declaration of independence and articles of confederation the us constitution so these very important documents were being written   French Revolution:              Ella - In 1789 before the French Revolution France was poor. If you were to meet some of the families living in France at the time you wouldn't believe they were poor because of the nice clothing they wore and luxurious lifestyles they lived but there government itself was very in debt.   Audrey - With the financial state France was in at that time most people were starving because they couldn’t produce enough grain and what little money they had they had to use to pay taxes. On the other hand royalty got to live in a palace wear fancy clothes and eat whatever they wanted and so did the nobility which were these people with a fancy title who inherited money and land they lived in pretty much a small version of the palace and they didn’t have to pay any taxes. Ethan - Many things happened during the French Revolution including the Thermidorian Reaction. This was when the French people started thinking that Maximilien Robespierre was dubbed a tyrant for which he was outcast. This made an entirely new party, the Directory, show up and ‘fix’ things. In this process they removed any elections and made the financial state even worse that what it was before.   Skylar - When the french revolution started in 1789 the king of France Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette lived a very lavish lifestyle. They lived in the palace of Versailles. France was in debt because of the two major battles they just fought in, one was the american revolution and the other was the seven years war.   5.Hunter- In the Brunswick Manifesto the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French if it were to continue to resist  their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This along with other reasons made it look like Louis was conspiring with them. Emma - During the French Revolution, in October of 1789, a group of peasant women led a March to the estate of King Louis XVI. They had heard all the rumors about the King and his wife hoarding grain while they starved. They demanded that the monarchs move from their current residence to Paris so that their actions would be visible to all the citizens. This demand was filled. Ben - The French revolution ended in 1799. During this time the “Reign of Terror” happened also. Fifteen-thousand people including the previous king of France, King Louis XVI, were executed for treason as the French revolution started to end. Then Napoleon became the leader, turning France into a more military country then it was before. Gabe - in 1795 the french revolution was ending and french now had peace with spain and prussia and there constitution was ratified making this a victory for france   Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. Ella - In 1799 Napoleon took power of France and in 1800 he decides to try to take back Italy from the Austrians. He does defeats Austria and makes a treaty with Lunaville marking the end of the second Coalition. Ethan - Bonaparte was an extremely important part of the French congress and revolution. He led many of the successful campaigns. In the end, he was emperor of France for a decade and slight amount more during the Hundred Days. The Hundred Days was just the marking of when Bonaparte returned from Elba during exile. Skylar - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, france. Napoleon was a french statesman as well as a military leader. He lead the french to many successful battles during the french revolution. He was also the emperor of france from 1804 to 1814, and then again in 1815 during the “Hundred Days”. He died May 5th, 1821. 4.Hunter- Napoleon served as an artillery officer in the French army around the time that the French Revolution started happening in 1789. He quickly rose in the ranks of the military taking what chances he had during the Revolution and was a general at the age of 24. Emma - Napoleon took power in the year 1799 under the title of Consul. He rose to power with two other Consuls, forming a three pronged leadership system, similar to the triumvirates of Ancient Rome. However, after rising to power, he very quickly declared himself the First Consul, which put him above the other two in authority and power. Audrey - Napoleon had lost a lot of soldiers after trying to retreat Russia where he had 450,000 soldiers he was down to about 10,000. Then great britain was already against him but Russia and Prussia joined forces and he knew they had the advantage so as persuasive as he seemed to be he managed to get about 130,000 troops and even later he made it up to 400,000 again. Ben - Napoleon died after being exiled in 1851 to Saint Helena, an island near the coast of Africa. Most historians believe his cause of death was stomach cancer. Gabe - Napoleon was sent to Saint Helena by the English who he surrendered himself to because he didn’t want the prussians to get him and kill him or torchure him   France's many revoluts and republics: Ethan - France has had 5 republics and 4 revolutions, making this time in history very interesting. I’ll just talk about the first republic. It was founded on the 21st of September in 1792. This was 3 years after the French Revolution. This republic was founded over the Ancien Regime getting overthrown, thus began the first republic.   Ella - In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. He ended the First Republic in 1804 when he declared himself emperor. In 1815 Napoleon was faced with a waterloo.  He got banished off to Elba but was able to comeback. After that he spent 111 days in power again and then was SOMEONE DELETED MY STUF Skylar - After that Louis the 18th dies, without children in the year 1824, so his younger brother charles the 10th comes to power. In 1830 there is the July revolution but it is not successful. After that Charles the 10th cousin comes in who is the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe the first.   4.Hunter- The February Revolution in 1848 was only one of a wave of revolutions in 1848. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France for a period of time. Audrey - When Louis the 16th dies his younger brother came to power and he was called Louis the 18th. There was no Louis the 17th because he was louis 16th son who died in prison when he was ten. Ben - The most influential individual in the government during that time was named Jean Maximillion Lamarque, he was one of the very few people in the French government that cared about the common folk. Once he died, his funeral urged on a revolt from the people, but the revolution was unsuccessful. Emma - The event known as the June Rebellion of 1832 was another attempted revolt of the people against the current monarch. However it was an unsuccessful rebellion, or attempt at a revolution. This event was actually witnessed by Victor Hugo which served as inspiration for his story. Haitian Revolution: Ethan - This revolution took place in 1791-1804 when the Haitian slaves revolted against the colonists. The Haitians found freedom from their French slaveholders. The startup of this revolution was because of racist societies along with the French Revolution happening at the time since the would have trouble with sending reinforcements.   Ella -  Vincent Oge was a very wealthy, mixed race businessman. He was one-fourth African American and three-fourths French. He was in Paris during the French revolution for business purposes. This man owned many slaves and lots of land in what is now Haiti but he didn't have the same rights and as some of the other men around him because of his race so when he heard they were gonna rewrite the constitution he started lobbying for equal rights and was successful in gaining the right to vote   3.Hunter- This revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation Haiti. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British people--- with ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture rising as Haiti’s most appealing hero.    Audrey - Saint-Domingue now known as Haiti is a French colony in the caribbean. It’s the western half of an island and that island was the island that Columbus first found when he discovered the new world. Ben - In order to try and get everyone on their side after seeing the Haiti revolts, France signed a document in April 1792 that gave free people of color full citizenship. Some people think this was stirred on by Vincent Oge. Skylar - The Haitian revolution started on August 21st, 1791 and lasted almost twelve & a half years. The Haitians won but it resulted in the Massacre of the French. Gabe - when the french went to put slavery this dude named Leclerc came with 40,000 To fight the haitians and the yellow fever and 32,000 people were lost leaving only 8,000 people in lectercs army who also died so its now rochambeau who liked to bury slaves with insects and boil them in molasses so this was not a good dude and napoleon kind of just leaves them because he's got bigger problems in france and so dessieres is able to defeat rochambeau declaring  Saint Dominigue independance. Even after the slaves were already declared free in Haiti (though without their knowledge) a plan was made to actually remove the freedoms they had been given and to reinstate slavery once the time was right. Latin American independence: Ethan - After much time(300 years) of colonial rule, many Spanish colonies gained independence. This included Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were originally Iberian countries/states(I’m bad at Geography). This happened during 1808-1826. This happened so quickly it triggered a lot of things like government reforms. Ella - Around 1750 while America was divided between european countries Spain controlled most of the Americas all the way down south to where chile is now and all the way North to modern day Texas and California. The Portuguese also owned a great majority of the land in South America around modern day brazil. 3.Hunter- After the Royal court returned to Lisbon, the Prince Regent, Pedro, stayed in Brazil and successfully declared himself Emperor of newly independent Brazil. However Cuban independence was fought against spain in two years (Ten years and barely any war). But Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish Rule until the Spanish-American War in 1898.     Audrey - Many revolutions in Latin-America were led by Simon Bolivar who was a creole and the word creole has had many meanings but this time it meant a person who descended mostly from spain but was born in the new world. Ben -  A very important document, well, series of documents, relating to the enlightenment was made in France during this time period. It was called “The Encyclopedia” and it documented all French political science and climate. A popular quote from this document is “The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants, by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having merited being part of the human race.” ( May or may not read the quote depending on how much time is needed to fill. ) Skylar - Toussaint Louverture was able to set up his own nation basically because all the other countries were too busy fighting against each other. This is the only time something like this has ever happened from a slave revolt. Gabe - Simón Bolívar helped Mexico Venezuela Peru Colombia Ecuador Bolivia which was named for him Paraguay Uruguay Brazil Argentina gain independence from spain Emma - The Independence movements of Latin America were influenced by two main factors. Like many others at the time, they were inspired by the enlightenment, but the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution also served as an influence. Imperialism Ethan - Imperialism is basically the process of gaining land through demonstrating economic or political power. Normally it uses military force to prove this. They also distribute propaganda to get people to see it their way. They also down on their opponents teachings or laws to make it seem better. 2.Hunter- However Imperialism is different from New Imperialism, because the term Imperialism is usually used to the colonisation of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as against to the expansion of Western Powers and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.    Audrey - A very important part of imperialism is industrialization. Industrialization is the use of technology to be more productive and efficient. An example would be the steam engine which allowed us to use energy we made to run machines and it made factories significantly more productive. Ben -  There are a few reasons that countries were so motivated to industrialize. One of the most obvious ones is money, being an advanced country attracts people that you can tax and factories help make things faster and cheaper. Another reason is land, the more land you have the more powerful you are. Skylar -The definition of imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The british and the europeans wanted what the chinese had, which was porcelain and silk, but the chinese weren’t interested in trading, finally the europeans find something that the chinese want and that was Opium, opium is the thing that gets you addicted to Heroin and Morphine. Ella - The first Opium war took place in 1839 to 1842 and from 1856 to 1860 the second Opium war went on. During this time the very addictive drug Opium became legal. Because of this the Qing dynasty lost confidence and Opium in general was very destructive to this society. Gabe - this is also around the time the japanese opened trade with america because commodore came with some pretty big ships and then came again with more to ask to open trade and the japanese were like don't want to have a war like the chinese did with the british so they opened trade to americans 8. Emma - All throughout history we cases of nations switching to imperialism from their current political system. This often leads to conflict due to the strong, controlling government powers, which can result in civil war and revolutions.

2.7 Revolution and Enlightenment

Renaissance and Reformation               Spanish and Portuguese Empires: get out of my ocean   Gabe The Spanish and Portuguese are kind of the start to a lot of global trade but more so the Portuguese empire because they were more interested in trade then acquiring land and so what they would do is set up these things called factories which were a lot like warehouses for trading outposts and they set these up along there trade route which went from portugal all the way to the bottom of africa and back up to japan which was the route vasco da gama created and they found that the chinese wanted silver to reinforce there paper money and they saw this as a great trade opportunity and they would go and trade china's goods of basically anything for silver from japan to china   Ben - During the Spanish golden age, are and literature flourished. This was also during the Italian Renaissance, around the year 1492. The same year that Christopher Columbus discovered America. A famous European artist of this time was Diego Velázquez. He made various works for the royals of Spain that showcased his immense skill in talent.   Ella - In America, people often worked on plantations and in mines. The work they did was really harsh and difficult that sometimes people would die doing it.  But it resulted in a large increase in production. And with that came the need for more labor so they began to use enslaved africans which brought West Africa into these trading networks and relationships with the spanish and portuguese.   Audrey -  In 1598 a fleet of Dutch ships left the Netherlands to trade. A sailor aboard one of these ships was an Englishman named William Adams. The fleet sailed down the coast of Africa and made a stop off the coast of West Africa to trade, and this was very common for the European ships at the time. When they left there they sailed around South America ending up off the coast of Peru. At this point William Adams began keeping a journal and it says “It was agreed that we should leave the coast of Peru and direct our course for Japan. Having understood that cloth was good merchandise there and also how upon that coast of Peru the king’s ships were out seeking us.” The king that Adams was referring to was the king of Spain and this worried the fleet because Peru was a Spanish colony at the time and Spain and the Netherlands were at war. This just shows how interconnected the economy was at the time with how they new where a place was how to get there and what items would be beneficial to trade there. (Sorry its so long) Emma - Prior to the beginning of the African slave trade, certain areas in Africa already held an important role in the Renaissance era global economy. West Africa in particular, played a part in the Spanish and Portuguese trade of items such as gold and ivory, as well as some spices. All of these items were highly desired by people of many cultures and were seen as symbols of wealth and luxury.   Skylar - William Adams sailed from West Africa to Peru, to Japan. When they arrived in Japan the Emperor put Adams in prison. These Portuguese Priests were in Japan and were trying to get the emperor to agree to let William Adams out of prison. Finally the Emperor agreed and said he would trade with him, but he had to help his army build ships.   Ethan- In Brazil their economic power comes from their sugar plantations towards the north. This changed when they struck gold in 1693. This was found inward on Brazil in the region of Minas Gerais.  Them finding gold triggered the Americans desire to find gold in America. This struck down Brazil’s financial status for most of the 18th century. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Gabe - The Scientific Revolution started around the early 1500s when copernicus says hey what if we aren't the center of attention what if the sun and we are revolving around it and not it around us which questions everything they believed and this kind of ended around the late 1600s when newton publishes the principia which describes our universe and around this time people began to question old beliefs that had been around since forever which began the Age of Enlightenment Ben - The Age of Enlightenment was also called the Age of Reason. Historians from France usually place this period at around 1715, but other historians from around the world think it happened in around 1620. Corresponding with the scientific revolution. Ella - The reasons the Enlightenment started was not only because we had new tools of thinking but that it was almost a responsibility of the society now that they had scientific information that they could apply to there current information. Audrey - The Age of Enlightenment was a very philosophical time when people really started questioning their rights and their obligations especially considering their social status, like why this person had the right to rule why others had to be slaves and why the upper class could own them.   Emma - During this new philosophical era, many “modern” philosophers began to emerge. One of these was John Locke, the writer of the Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government. This document expressed his beliefs on how people should treat one anGovernmentother. For example, one passage said this; “...when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind, and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away, or impair the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.” This kind of thinking was growing larger in popularity during this time.   Ethan- The Scientific Revolution with things like the heliocentric theory that we use today. This was the first theory that said the universe revolved around something other than the Earth. The barometer was also invented during this time. The bifocal lens was also a great invention because it let people have the ability to see both far and near.7. Skylar - im going to talk about Thomas Hobbes. Thomas was a english writer, who was inspired by experimental attitude toward nature and decided to apply it to politics.  In 1651 he wrote Leviathan, a title he chose after the sea monster from the Book of Job. Thomas thought that humans in their original state of nature were unhappy. He supported an absolute monarch government, but didn’t support the Divine Right theory government. He didn’t support that kind of government because he believed that you need protection from yourself.   Mughal rule in India:   Gabe - The Mughal Rule Starts in Samarkand around early 1500s which babur who is Timur's great grandsons grandson tries taking and fails and he tries to take Fergana and fails and he does this a couple times before he goes to Kabul and conquers it in the early 1600s which after taking Kabul he starts focusing on more India then he does Asia and he even later on defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi taking control over northern india.    Ella - One of the rulers Humayun had trouble retaining power because of multiple family rivalries. Eventually the Pashtun Suri dynasty dethrones him. He was able to regain control for a while with the help from the safavids but unfortunately tripped on a staircase and died.   Audrey - Shah Jahan was the son of Jahangir therefor Akbar’s grandson and he lived from 1592-1666 AD. Where both Akbar and Jahangir were said to be very tolerant rulers Shah Jahan was known to be considerably less tolerant. His rule was known as the golden age of Mughal architecture one of his greatest structures being the Taj Mahal. It was built in the 1630’s in Agra which at some point was the capitol. Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a home for the body of his wife who had died just before.   Emma - The Mughal Empire was an example of an Indo-Persian culture, a combination of both the Indian and Persian cultures of the surrounding areas. Examples of this can be seen in art and architecture of the time period which showed influences from both of these distinct cultures.   Ethan- The Mughal Empire was the 3rd largest empire on the Indian subcontinent to ever exist, alongside the British Indian Empire and the Maurya Empire. This empire expanded 4 million square kilometers.  The largest expansion of this empire was when Aurangzeb ruled, with over 150 million subjects.   Skylar - In 1483 Babur is born, who becomes the leader of Fergana at age 12. He tries to take over multiple different places, and never won. Finally in the early 16th century he is able to take control over Kabul. When akbar became the leader he was able to add quite a bit more territory to the Mughal empire.   Sikhism:  Gabe - Sikhism starts in punjab around the time that the Mughals are coming into power with a man named guru Nanak and his followers are called sikhs which is from the sanskrit word sikh which means to learn Ella - Eventually The Sikhs have a large increase in following from Hindus and Muslims. Jahangir becomes threatened by them so he decides to imprison and torture Guru Arjan in an attempt to make him convert to Islam. Despite being boiled and tortured he would not consent and he eventually died.kicking in the basement guess who Audrey - Guru Arjan played an important part in Sikhism with the making of the Adi Granth which is a compilation of the sayings and hymns from previous gurus including his own so essentially the holy book of Sikhism. Guru Arjan also built the Harmandir Sahib in Ramdaspur a place later known as Amritsar which was intended as a place of worship for people of all religions and they had the tradition of Langar where they would feed anyone from any faith. The Harmandir Sahib would later be known as the Golden Temple after Raja had it plated with gold and it is now the largest free kitchen in the world. Skylar - The Sikhism is started in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Guru was born into a merchant class Hindu family, he was precocious especially when talking about spirituality, meaning he was extremely religious. Emma - The Bhakti Movement of the Mughal Empire was a major influence of the development of Sikhism. The Bhakti Movement was a theistic that originated from Hinduism in Medieval times. However, it was not a direct branch from the movement. Ethan- All Sikh believe that faith and meditation are essentials in their lives. They also believe in divine unity and equality of humankind. Now there are close to 25 million Sikhs worldwide and many of them have stayed in Punjab. The last guru was Guru Gobind Singh and named the Sikhs scripture Guru Granth Sahib. 7. The Protestant Reformation: Ella -  Pope Leo X wanted to rebuild Saint Peter's Basilica which given to Peter from Christ himself. The cost to rebuild it was very high because it was one of the greatest architectural structures of the time. They planned to afford it by selling indulgences or pieces of paper that supposedly helped you get into heaven faster.  Gabe - The Protestant Reformation is when the church went from just the Roman Catholic church too methodist, baptist, lutheran, congregationalist, and presbyterian churches these were some of the churches that came out of the Protestant Reformation Audrey - Martin Luther, who was a German monk and a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, was tired of people saying since they bought indulgences, which were pieces of paper that could supposedly get you to Heaven quicker, they were freed of all their sins. As a monk Martin Luther did not like the idea of people trying to take the easy way out by buying their way to Heaven so he wrote a series of arguments on the issues of selling indulgences better known as the 95 Theses and it is said that he nailed it to the doors of the castle church in Wittenberg. Skylar - The protestant reformation started in 1517. The reformation started by Martin Luther. Then later on other leaders were Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin. The Protestant Reformation lasted until the end of the Thirty Years war, which ended in 1648. Emma - The reformation was a distinct change from the practices and beliefs of the  Catholic Church. They very much believed that your actions impacted if and when you got to Heaven. This was what martin Luther was addressing with his writings, saying that the sinful nature was unavoidable and that faith alone can save us. Ethan- The Reformation ended around the time of the end of the 30 years war. The war ended in 1648. By this time the society of Western Christianity had split into many different “churches” like Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican, just to name a few. 7.   The Russian Empire - Ella - Modern day Sweden was once the home of the Vikings. They would travel around Western Europe by sea and attack and steal from towns on the coast. The Vikings were also known for their trading. There were many water routes from Sweden to common trading countries such as Baghdad and Constantinople. Large amounts of viking jewelry was found along these rivers. Gabe - The Russian empire began with the varangians which were vikings being pushed back to Sweden but there was chaos in the northern slav area and it is said that they went to the varangians and asked them to rule over them because there is no order and so 3 people were pick Rurik being the oldest settles in Novograd and calls the land Rus which many people believe is where the word Russia comes from and on his death Rurik appoints Oleg as his successor and Oleg settles in Kiev expanding Rus to Kiev Rus Skylar - The Russian Empire was officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I, (the first, skylar do NOT say 1)following the Treaty of Nystad, which was in 1721. The Russian Empire was strong and alive well before that though, 1478 is when most believe in was truly established. The Russian Empire is the third largest in the world. It contains three different continents. Sometimes the Russian Empire is also known as Imperial Russia. Audrey - The word Rus is thought by most historians to be the origin of the word Russia. But where did the word Rus come from? Historians have come up with many answers for this question. Some believe that the word Rus came from the name of Sweden at the time since that’s where Rus was, and some think the the Rus were a group of vikings. Emma - The inhabitants of the Land of Rus are said to have come from two groups of people that resided in what is now Russia. These two groups were the Eastern Slavs and the Varangians. However, there were many other groups of Slavs that made up the other nations that now exist in the area. Ethan- The Russian Empire lasted from 1721-1917. The Empire took up 14 million square miles and was ruled autocratically. It had over 170 million people and 100 different backgrounds. The capital of the Russian Empire is St Petersburg. Most of the population consisted of serfs until 1861 when Alexander II set them free. This Emancipation did not change the conditions for the peasant populus. 

2.6 Renaissance and Reformation

No show notes today. The students were asked to find two things in history that happened around the same time and tell an interesting fact or make a connection. 

2.5 Pop Quiz-ish

2.4 Bysentine Middle Ages

 600 BCE - 600 CE Early Americas: Skylar - The Mayan Civilization is one of the longest lasting civilizations in world history. It is believed that the Mayan Civilization began as early as 2000 BCE . The first city-states started as soon as 750 BCE. These city-states not only had a political leader but also a spiritual leader. In the north there was the Yucatan Peninsula and to the south  the Sierra Madre Mountain range. The Mayan civilization was where modern-day southeast Mexico is. The calendar the Mayans came up with was actually more accurate than the calendar Julius Caesar came up with. Ella - Around 250 in the common era, there was a time known as the classical period. Around this period a lot of big cities came into place like Tikal and Calakmul. We believe that these cities had around 50,000 to 100,000 people at their best. Supposedly they were not one empire, but it was more separate like the greek city states, but still the bigger cities might have influenced some of the smaller states decisions.  Gabe - Back to the calendar so the Mayan calendar actually said the earth started on August 11, 3114 bc and ended on december 22, 2012 and since we are now in 2018 it obviously didn't end and it didn't end because it was like a odometer so it rolls over from 000000 to 999999 and then back to 000000 so most people thought the world was going to end december 22, 2012 because that's when the Mayan calendar ended but it didn't end on August 11, 3114 bc the calendar was set at 000000 and on december 22, 2012 it changed back to 000000 so instead of ending it just reset Emma - Between 300 and 600 AD a huge and extremely complex city called Teotihuacan existed northeast of what is now Mexico City. The name Teotihuacan was given to it by the Aztecs when the discovered it long after its fall. We actually have to written records or art from the city itself though through other archeological methods historians were able to determine that it likely was inhabited by around 200,000 people. People believe that it held direct power over the surrounding 10,000 square miles and used armies to colonize as far as 600 miles away. 5.Hunter- The Maya, group of people who lived in Mesoamerica after the Olmec, lived in what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador. Large Mayan cities started to rise throughout these areas, the local lords struggled for power and access to trade routes and goods. Audrey - Something that is different about the America’s from other civilizations is that in western South America now where Peru is wasn’t based around a river. Instead they had the humble current and the water had a bunch of nutrients so there were lots of fish for the people to eat and they could grow food. Ben - The Nazca civilization was also a very interesting part of western america, around southwest peru. The nazca are famous for drawing things in the ground around a third of a kilometer in size (or over nine hundred fifty feet), these things were named the “Nazca Lines”. This was around 200 BCE. Ethan - The early Andes were based around modern day Peru and Bolivia. Their society faced problems including that the mountain-based structure of the Andes was.   600 BCE - 600 CE Empires in India: 1.Ella - The Maurya Empire was one of the greatest empires of world history. It emerged because a man by the name of Chandragupta Maurya conquered the nanda empire, many territories formerly conquered by Alexander the Great, and a large amount of land from the Greeks. Chandragupta eventually left his empire in the hands of his son bindusara.     2.Skylar - I’m going to talk about the Gupta dynasty. The gupta dynasty was started by Sri Gupta around 240. But didn’t become i guess you could say popular until about 320 when Chandragupta the first took over. Chandragupta was given some of the Gupta dynasty to control because he married princess Kumaradevi. (if someone has anything more to add on please do, didn’t want to take all the info) Gabe - I'm going to continue on the Maurya Empire bindusara ruled from 297 bc to 272 bc when he died this led to war bindusara's sons both wanted to be king Ashoka one of bindusara's sons won taking the empire and later on becoming the most successful and powerful ruler of the Maurya dynasty       Emma - The Mauryans had a huge army consisting of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 Calvary, and 9,000 war elephants. This was the largest and strongest military force in the world in its time. This army was a great recourse for the Mauryan Empire And was a big factor in their ability to expand their territory and defend themselves from those who tried to attack. Audrey - Unlike many other empires the Gupta Empire’s big thing wasn’t that they conquered a bunch of land it was because they could conquer and obtain that territory they had the power to sponsor a culture with art. This was called the Golden Age of India. Ben - A few different important historical figures of the Maurya empire are Kalidasa and Aryabhata. I’ll start with Kalidasa, he was a incredibly skilled writer of the time and was mostly known for being the best writer that ever used Sanskrit. (the language they used) And Aryabhata was one of the first scientists that was able to calculate 5 digits of pi. He also knew that the earth rotated on an axis based on how he saw the sky move every day. He predicted how the moon reflected light from the sun. Hunter- The large army was made possible slightly through the intricate web of administration. One of Chandragupta’s advisors instituted some detailed procedures which Ashoka inherited. Ashoka started a capital at the walled city of Pataliputra, which served as a centralized hub for the empire. Officials made decisions about how to collect taxes for the central treasury, which funded the military and other government jobs      600 BCE - 600 CE Early Hinduism: Gabe - Hinduism was a polytheistic belief which is where they believed in more than one god a few hindu gods were agni indra shiva brahma vishnu and ganesha which these are regarded as the most important gods shiva is seen as the god of destruction and vishnu the god who creates stuff from shiva's destruction Emma - Historically speaking, Hinduism is different from many other religions because there is no clear origin or originator of the practice of the religion. We do know that it started kooas a tradition in the upper class of the Aryan empire, which made it difficulta to access for the lower classes. However it was made more accessible and popular over time. Ella - there was a civilization called the Indus Valley Civilization and it eventually collapsed for an unknown reason. It may have been a change in the weather that they couldn’t handle, or drying up of there water source that they relied on. Other possibilities are natural disasters or influence from surrounding civilizations. Audrey - Hinduism is one of the oldest religions beginning about 5000 years ago. It shows some of the elements practice in the Indus Valley civilization and is still a practiced religion today. 5.Hunter- During the Gupta empire from about 320 to 550 CE emperors used hinduism as a linking religion to link the nations together, in which also helped popularise it by creating hindu educational systems; they also gave land to the brahmins. The Gupta emperors helped make Hinduism one of the most popular religions in the indian subcontinent.   Ben - There are a lot of connections between languages that formed english and sanskrit. A lot of english words can be traced back to the ancient sanskrit language.   600 BCE - 600 CE Early Buddhism:  Gabe - Siddhartha Gautama the founder of buddhism was born 563 bce into a wealthy family he rejected his life of riches and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism, or extreme self discipline after 49 days of consecutive meditation he became the enlightened one which is the buddha he made this announcement in public got some people to train as buddha monks and taught his teachings throughout the world    Emma - Buddhism was based around a group of guiding principles called the four noble truths. They were as follows; “there is suffering in life”, “the cause of suffering is desire”, “ending desire means ending suffering”, and “following a  controlled and moderate lifestyle will end desire”. A strong component of this religion was that everyone was responsible for their own happiness. Audrey - Buddhism and Hinduism were founded it on similar things. One of the things Buddhism was founded on was something that Siddhartha (or Buddha) said, and that was to pretty much stay in the middle ground to not go with either extreme of so much physical self-pleasure or mistreating yourself. Ella - Buddha, or Siddhartha Gautama, was born in Ludini. His aunt took care of him because his mother died not long after he was born. His father was a chieftain and he was able to give Gautama a good protected childhood away from all the bad things of the world like sickness and poverty. He eventually got married and had a kid. 5.Hunter-Buddhism also also gained support from the state. In 260 BCE, king Ashoka adopted Buddhism after war against the feudal of Kalinga. He wanted to renounce violence and publicity so he turned to Buddhism to achieve this. He may have also turned to Buddhism as a unitive religion. Ben - At the age of 29 Siddhartha was actually allowed to leave the land of the wealthy and once he left he saw sickness and poverty that he’d never seen before at any point in his life. So he leaves and goes into the woods for six years, leaving everything he had behind him. He eventually travels to Gaya and meditates under a sacred fig tree for seven whole days before he eventually reaches enlightenment. He then disappeared for 49 days, and later went to spread his knowledge with the world   600 BCE - 600 CE Syncretism:  Gabe - Syncretism is where so the merchants travel and trade goods but they also trade beliefs and religions and faiths so as you catch word of christianity and buddhism and both kind of morph together in a town you get syncretism which is why there is a christian grave in central asia with a chinese zodiac on it Audrey - There were these “great thinkers” of the Hindu ascetic tradition, that Alexander the Great actually brought philosophers to meet with, called Gymnosophists. The word Gymnosophists means “the naked thinkers”, and they were called this because they were so devoted to the study of philosophy that they fasted and wore little to no clothing because they felt it got in the way on their pursuit to knowledge and wisdom. Ella - The Christians at the time took advantage of the trade routes that were being made. Preachers and missionaries could spread these messages beyond the mediterranean region they lived in. They were successful because in the eleventh century one third of the worlds christians lived in Asia. Ben - The Nestorian Stele was a big tablet of rock and stone that was buried at an estimated year of 845 (but it was thought to be made in 781).  It had written on it a kind of early depiction of christianity in china. It was discovered in 1623. 5.Hunter- Early christians managed to turn the roman infrastructure to their advantage: missionaries used the vast land and roads to preach the good news of god further outside of the mediterranean region. By the eleventh century CE, fully one-third of the world’s christians lived in Asia. Emma - The open practice of Christianity was not actually legal in Rome until the fourth century. At this time the current emperor, Constantine the first, said that he had a religious vision and made it legal. Near the end of the century, the emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Imperial Rome.   600 BCE - 600 CE Women and families:  Gabe - in the classical era of 600 bc to 600 ce many systems and institutions were hard of Women and families Women didn't have all the rights men did this was true but there freedoms varied on the empire   Audrey - During the civil war in Rome, that occured after the Ides of March when Julius Caesar was assassinated, the triumvirs decided to tax 1400 of the wealthiest women to fund the war. One of these women, Hortensia, wrote a speech on how unfair this was and she pretty much said, why should the women pay taxes when they don’t get a share in things like the government. Ella - In most societies, woman raised kids and managed households. How the woman carried out these things depended on the woman's kinship, or a word for family relationships, religion, and marriage. For example, in Han China a woman's power was based off her relationship with her husband.   Ben - Life for women varied depending on what religion the area was most dedicated to. For example, Confucianism had women in a place of submissiveness and didn’t allow them to do nearly anything outside their home. On the other hand Daoism the gentleness and humbleness of women was respected and seen as a positive thing. In Daoism, women could even be a teacher or a priest. 5.Hunter- In many societies, women’s lives was mainly about motherhood and managing a household. While women in different places and different times had this in common, there were significant differences on how women performed these roles depending on kinship relationships. skip me i realize i didn’t read right Emma - In Han China, kinship was a part of a girl or woman’s life from the beginning. When she was young, her status and role were dependant on that of her father’s. At the time she got married, it was dependant on her husband. After her husband’s death, it was dependant on her oldest son.   600 BCE - 600 CE The Silk Road:  Gabe - the Silk Road was a trade route connecting eurasia and north africa but is was called the Silk Road because Silk was transported a lot through this route Audrey - For trading you obviously have to give something in return so, some of the items China would get for their silk were horses, which were good not only for transport, being human or goods, but also for wars. They would get gold from Europe, cotton from India, and the list goes on. Ella -  Trade routes would carrie things like food, materials, beliefs and customs but also diseases.  Two of the most significant diseases were measles and smallpox. Both of these were believed to have come from asia and the middle east. Ben - But as people were moving from place to place, culture was also “traded” as christianity and buddhism spread very quickly. They did this through missionaries and trading. Later on in the first century CE silk had become a problem, it was becoming thinner and wearing out, eventually becoming so thin and transparent that in 14 CE they banned people from wearing it. 5.Hunter-One cause of expandable trade was because of the growth in imperial power. Near the end of the second century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han mounted multiple campaigns against the nomadic Xiongnu people, because of Xiongnu horse riders raided chinese settlements along the northern border for many years.   Emma - Silk was not the only item that was traded, at least in the minds of those people, too much. Ferghana horses, or heavenly horses as they were known, were strongly desired in China. They imported so many of them that the Dayuan people who owned the Ferghana valley refused to sell any more of them. This caused the War of the Heavenly Horses which lasted three years. That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us outside of the box that is learning.

2.3 Continuation of Secondwave Civilizations

2.2 Second Wave Civilizations

2.1 - 600 BCE Across the Continents

The Emancipation Podcast Station is a history retelling through the eyes of students at Epic Charter School. Join us as we discuss everything from Pre-America, to the Internet Age!

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Emancipation Podcast Station

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