A brief introduction to the Epic: its origin and significance to our lives.***Image is of the famed eleventh tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which the tale of the Flood is related. Now housed in the British Museum, it was found in the pillaged remains of the royal library of the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (reigned 669-631 BC) in his palace at Nineveh. 

Epic of Gilgamesh

Introduction to the Text

Preamble to the adventures, introducing Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and alluding to the goddess Ishtar whose presence is preeminent among all divinity in this tale, and in whose temple are kept the tablets which are to be read to tell this tale.***Image is an Akkadian representation of Gilgamesh in his prime. Music excerpt is “Ur” from the album The Forest by David Byrne

Prologue

The Adventure of Enkidu continues tablet I of the Epic and finishes on tablet II. It is supplemented by Bablyonian material where the Akkadian text is damaged. Gilgamesh is a young king of Uruk, arrogant, and overbearing. He so abuses his authority by the mistreatment of his people, even his own warriors and peers, even taking their brides in sexual intercourse, that he is feared and despised, even while admired. The people pray for a champion to deliver them, another strong man who can best him. The creator Aruru places Enkidu (the "wild man") on earth for this purpose. He is eventually tamed and comes to Uruk to challenge Gilgamesh. This is the tale of that encounter.***The image is an Akkadian frieze representing Enkidu drinking at a waterhole in the wilderness like a beast.Music excerpt is “Ur” from the album The Forest by David Byrne

Adventure of Enkidu

The text of this episode is much damaged in both the Akkadian and the Babylonian series; rather than indicating the frequent gaps and ambiguities, the text is reconstructed from the best sources, including the more ancient Sumerian. Much is conjectural, and is given some poetic license. The Sumerian, rather than the Akkadian, contains more details, and so the temper of the story reflects its more “archaic” tone.***Image is a classic Sumerian representation of Gilgamesh wrestling a lion to his death. Music excerpt is  “Fantasia On A Theme By Thomas Tallis” from the album, Vaughan Williams: Symphonic Works

Adventure of Forests of Cedar (Part 1)

The conclusion of the adventure, the confron-tation with Humbaba.***The image is a Sumerianclay model of the face of Humbaba, said to be the image of coiled intestines. Music excerpt is  “Fantasia On A Theme By Thomas Tallis” from the album, Vaughan Williams: Symphonic Works

Adventure of Forests of Cedar (Part 2)

This is the heavily damaged twelfth tablet in the Gilgamesh Epic found in the royal library of Ninevah. It’s content is disconcerting to scholars as the final chapter to the Epic, because so ranked it would seemingly resurrect Enkidu from the dead for a gratuitous and incoherent conclusion; an end to the Epic with Tablet 11, where Gilgamesh returns to Uruk after his wanderings, seems much more fitting and so nicely closes with an epilogic passage that poetically parallels the prologue in Tablet 1. But this adventure is a traditional Sumerian tale of Gilgamesh and was appended by the Ninevah compiler for some importance, perhaps as further elucidation of the central theme of death, or rather, the meaning of life in the midst of death. I find its color and its archaic lore mysterious and so include it where other renditions omit it. I have rendered it perhaps more poetically and liberally than my other renditions here, so as to evoke its strangeness. We should remember that in traditional oral story telling, tales concatenate “spiritually” related matter, even if they are otherwise illogical. Relation, rather than logic, rules the story. Still, in deference to modern narrative sensibilities, I have opted to place the tale among the series of adventures that precede the death of Enkidu and the final wanderings of Gilgamesh.***Music excerpt is  “Fra Angelico” by 20th century composer, Alan Hovnhaness; the album is Hovhaness: Symphony Etchmiadzin

Adventure of the Halub Tree

Lugalbanda, the ostensible father of Gilgamesh, whose statue stood in his bedroom, which he reverentially anointed with butter, and to which he addressed his private thoughts, appeared in important Sumerian legends that told how he had become King of Uruk and other exploits. These are tales in one sense historical, as he is named in the ancient Sumerian List of Kings. On the other hand, magical portions of narrative and the setting of them should make him a figure of myth, of primordial time, of time even at the creation of the world. Lugalbanda is said to have lived and reigned for 1200 years, and so defies mere mortal aspect.***Music excerpt is “Tamarack Pines” by George Winston from his album, Forest.

Adventure of Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird

This is my favorite Sumerian artifact.A so-called “devotional statue,” it dates to 2600 B.C., representing what scholars believe is a married couple. This statue was found buried beneath the floor of a shrine at Nippur in Iraq and measures at little more than 4 inches high. The couple originally had feet, and the figures have eyes made of shell and lapis lazuli set in bitumen, a natural cement-like substance.***Music excerpt is the song “Glad” by David Byrne from his album, Grown Backwards.

5,000 Year Old Proverbs

The image is the “Queen of the Night,” a relief of Old Babylonian Empire (1800-1750 BC); it is now housed in the British Museum.This large plaque is made of baked straw-tempered clay, modeled in high relief. The figure of the curvaceous naked woman was originally painted red. She wears the horned headdress characteristic of a Mesopotamian deity and holds a rod and ring of justice, symbols of her divinity. Her long multicolored wings hang downwards, indicating that she is a goddess of the Underworld. Her legs end in the talons of a bird of prey, similar to those of the two owls that flank her. The background was originally painted black, suggesting that she was associated with the night. She stands on the backs of two lions, and a scale pattern indicates mountains.The figure could be an aspect of the goddess Ishtar, Mesopotamian goddess of sexual love and war, or Ishtar's sister and rival, the goddess Ereshkigal who ruled over the Underworld, or the demoness Lilitu, known in the Bible as Lilith. The plaque probably stood in a shrine. ***Music excerpt is “Ninevah” from the album The Forest by David Byrne

Adventure of the Bull of Heaven (Part 1)

A modern clay impression of a Neo-Assyrian cylinder seal, circa 7th century BCE. One of only five with this motif that have survived. Height: 3.9 cm. Diameter: 1.6 cm. Enkidu, on the left, wears a short kilt decorated with rosettes, hair and beard in curls, an axe in one hand, holding the tail of the Bull of Heaven in the other. The winged human-headed bull crouches down on its foreleg, in front Gilgamesh, wearing long fringed robe with rosettes, a double horned headdress, long curled hair and beard, holding one of the bull's horns while plunging his sword into its neck.The cylinder is in the Schøyen Collection of London and Oslo. The Schøyen Collection was started around 1920 by Engineer M.O. Schøyen (1896-1962), father of Martin Schøyen, who collected some 1000 volumes of early and later editions of Norwegian and international literature, history, travel, science, as well as antiquities.***Music excerpt is Vocalise, Op. 34/14 by Rachmaninov from the album The Swan (Le Cygne)  Han-Na Chang (Cello) & Leonard Slatkin with the Philharmonia Orchestra

Adventure of the Bull of Heaven (Part 2)

The last three tablets-----number nine, ten and eleven----from the Royal Library of Nineveh comprise the conclusion of the Epic, beginning with the wanderings of Gilgamesh, his passage through the mountain Mashu, through which the sun passes making day and night. He arrives at last to the sea on the edge of the world where he meets Siduri, the Alewife, who keeps a tavern for travelers, and she directs him to the boatman who must take him to Ut-napishtim, the one man who not yet died.***The image, a clay impression from an ancient Sumerian cylinder, is of sun god Shamash,bestriding the cleft of the mountain Mashu, featuredbetween the twin pillars which hold up the sky. ***Music excerpt is “Kish” from the album The Forest by David Byrne

The Wanderings of Gilgamesh (Part 1)

In this conclusion of the Epic Gilgamesh has wandered from his home, his wife, his children, his people, has given up his kingdom and power, all that was a comfort and a pleasure, all that meant life to him, because of the death of his brother Enkidu. More than his loss, his inconsolable grief for that lose, it was the realization of his own death that distressed him. He seeks escape. He knows the legend of Ut-napishtim, whose name literally means, “he who lives long.” He seeks him out at the end of the world, through the sacred (and forbidden) passage of the sun, the god who has been his special savior, as the Epic has told us. From Ut-napishtim he hopes to find answers or perhaps the way to avoid dying, just as he had. In the conclusion you are about to hear, he will be told the story of how Ut-napishtim came to his state of undying. He is segregated from man, so he tells, because this generation of men to which Gilgamesh belongs is a new incarnation; he is the sole survivor of an ancient race whom the gods determined to destroy by a world-wide flood. When this ancient text was first translated in a musty storeroom of the British Museum, to where the tablets of the ancient library had been brought after their discovery in Iraq some twenty-five years earlier, the young scholar, George Smith, became so excited, it is said, that he took off his clothes and began to dance about. For some the finding reinforced the inauthenticity of the Biblical text, demonstrating that the Jews had expropriated a clearly pagan story for their own, reinforcing the secular notion that historical religions develop, as culture generally does, by the influences and cross-currents of social interaction. What we have here in Genesis is nothing more than an exchange of ideas and stories. However, for others, the discovery of this text seemed an affirmation of the Bible, coming as it did so closely on the heels of Darwin’s heretical assertion of evolution in defiance of God’s Creation as stated in the book of Genesis. Here was proof, it seemed to many, of the truth of sacred text. Here, also the text of Genesis, is the tale of Noah and the Flood, corroborated by a pagan source, no less.Today the controversy has subsided to debates of evangelical truth or scientific fact. If a matter of religious conviction, fact must be subserved by belief. If a matter of science, some argue that the Deluge is really psychological; it expresses a vital natural anxiety; it dramatically illustrates the notion of annihilation of self, precisely what Gilgamesh feared about death. Psychologists will interpret the myths of Deluge, as they might dreams of a deluge, as spiritual crisis. But in another approach by science, some archaeologists, in the tradition of Schliemann who claimed to dig up artifacts of the Iliad in ancient rubble, keep looking for an historical event, a real Deluge that happened and is recalled more or less in these ancient texts. In one version of this science it is proposed that the Deluge occurred about 5600 BCE when the Black Sea was suddenly formed because of a catastrophic flood through a narrow breach between that great basin and the Mediterranean ocean pouring into it. The Black Sea (and its neighbor the Caspian sea) had been large but diminishing pools of fresh water from glacial melt, when the dam of ice between them and the Mediterranean broke at what is today the Dardanelles. According to the researchers reporting their findings in 1997, "Ten cubic miles of water poured through each day, two hundred times what flows over Niagara Falls ... The Bosporus flume roared and surged at full spate for at least three hundred days." The event flooded 60,000 sq. mi. of land as it greatly expanded the Black Sea shoreline to the north and west, and thus could have wiped out hundreds of prosperous human settlements, even whole cities.As dramatic as this hypothesis is, however, subsequent scientific consideration has tempered and disputed it. Today the factual truth of the Deluge remains uncertain.We come back therefore to interpretation. As we suggested for the notion of God, take these as a matter of authority, or as a matter of psychology, or as a matter of mystery. As you wish. This then is the conclusion of the Epic….***Music excerpt is “Machu Pichu” from the album The Forest by David Byrne

The Wanderings of Gilgamesh (Part 2)

Summing up the meaning; reconsidering the traditional interpretation.

Meaning of the Text

An Annotated Prose RenditionBased upon the OriginalSumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian,and Hittite TabletsWith Supplementary SumerianTexts and Selected Sumerian Proverbs***You may purchase a copy from Amazon.comHere!***

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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