Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers electroconvulsive therapy with Dr. Wei-Yi Song, the Department Head of Psychiatry, Director of Mood Disorder Services, and Director of ECT Services in Victoria, BC, as well as a Clinical Professor at the University of British Columbia, and a past president of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Briefly describe the history of ECT from inception to the present. Debunk common misconceptions about ECT. Describe the major proposed mechanisms of action of ECT. Describe the efficacy of ECT for common psychiatric illnesses. List the indications, contraindications, side effects and risks of ECT. Understand how the procedure of ECT is performed.   Guest: Dr. Wei-Yi Song   Hosts: Jake Johnston (MS4), Dr. Shaoyuan “Randi” Wang (PGY1), Dr. Arielle Giest (PGY2), Dr. Alex Raben (Staff Psychiatrist)   Audio editing by: Jake Johnston   Show notes by: Jake Johnston   Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00 Learning objectives - 01:54 History of ECT - 02:45 Common misconceptions - 06:36 Mechanism of action - 12:03 Summary - 16:06 Indications - 16:47 Contraindications - 20:58 Side effects and risks - 23:31 Efficacy of ECT - 29:00 Major depressive disorder - 29:13 Bipolar depression - 33:00 Schizophrenia - 34:19 Bipolar mania - 36:16 Procedure - 38:50 Steps of performing ECT - 39:20 Considerations for electrode placement - 47:29 Pulse width - 51:19 Maintenance treatment - 53:32 Closing - 59:09   Resources: Video showing ECT procedure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L2-B-aluCE   One note on the realism of this depiction: an actual patient would not shake uncontrollably due to the muscle relaxants.   Summary of electrode placement and pulse width: https://psychscenehub.com/psychinsights/electroconvulsive-therapy-summary-of-ranzcp-guidelines/   References: Baldinger, P., Lotan, A., Frey, R., Kasper, S., Lerer, B., & Lanzenberger, R. (2014). Neurotransmitters and electroconvulsive therapy. The journal of ECT, 30(2), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000138 Francois, D. and DellaCava E. (2018). “10 myths about ECT”. Current Psychiatry. Accessed 2021-06-28 from MDedge. Kane, J., Rubio, J., Kishimoto, T., Correll, C., Marder, S., and Friedman, M. (2021). Evaluation and management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. UpToDate. Accessed 2021-07-27. Kellner, C., Keck, P., and Solomon, D. (2021). Bipolar disorder in adults: Indications for and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). UpToDate. Accessed 2021-07-27. Kellner, C. and Rasmussen, K. (2015). Contemporary ECT, Part 2: Mechanism of Action and Future Research Directions. Psychiatric Times. Accessed 2021-07-08. Kellner, C., Roy-Byrne, P., and Solomon, D. (2021). Overview of electroconvulsive therapy for adults. UpToDate. Accessed 2021-06-28. Kellner, C., Roy-Byrne, P., and Solomon, D. (2021). Unipolar major depression in adults: Indications for and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). UpToDate. Accessed 2021-07-27. Petrides, G., Malur, C., Braga, R. J., Bailine, S. H., Schooler, N. R., Malhotra, A. K., Kane, J. M., Sanghani, S., Goldberg, T. E., John, M., & Mendelowitz, A. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. The American journal of psychiatry, 172(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13060787 Singh, A., & Kar, S. K. (2017). How Electroconvulsive Therapy Works?: Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms. Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 15(3), 210–221. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2017.15.3.210   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd: educational psychiatry podcast

PsychEd Episode 39: Electroconvulsive Therapy with Dr. Wei-Yi Song

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers Clinical High Risk for Psychosis with Dr. Thomas Raedler, Psychiatrist and associate professor at the University of Calgary and one of the authors of the Canadian Treatment Guidelines for Individuals at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, you should be able to…   Recognize a patient who may be clinically high-risk for psychosis and provide a differential diagnosis  Understand the importance, utility and prognosis of these risk categories  Have an approach to initial management and the array of treatment options for a patient with    Hosts: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY-2), Dr. Rebecca Marsh (PGY-1), Dr. Alex Raben Episode lead: Dr. Luke Fraccaro Audio-engineered by: Dr. Rebecca Marsh Guest experts: Dr. Thomas Raedler Show Notes by: Dr. Luke Fraccaro   Resources:   Addington, J., Francey, S., Morrison, A.  (2006). Working with People at High Risk of Developing Psychosis: A Treatment Handbook  McGlashan, T., Walsh, B., & Woods, S. (2010). The psychosis-risk syndrome: handbook for diagnosis and follow-up. Oxford University Press.   References : Addington, J., Addington, D., Abidi, S., Raedler, T., & Remington, G. (2017). Canadian treatment guidelines for individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(9), 656-661. Addington, J., Cornblatt, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., ... & Heinssen, R. (2011). At clinical high risk for psychosis: outcome for nonconverters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(8), 800-805. Addington, J., & Heinssen, R. (2012). Prediction and prevention of psychosis in youth at clinical high risk. Annual review of clinical psychology, 8, 269–289.  Carrión, R. E., McLaughlin, D., Goldberg, T. E., Auther, A. M., Olsen, R. H., Olvet, D. M., Correll, C. U., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2013). Prediction of functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. JAMA psychiatry, 70(11), 1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1909 Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A. R., Borgwardt, S., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., Barale, F., Caverzasi, E., & McGuire, P. (2012). Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(3), 220–229.  Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, Correll CU, et al. Prevention of Psychosis: Advances in Detection, Prognosis, and Intervention. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(7):755–765. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4779 Fusar-Poli, P., Schultze-Lutter, F., Cappucciati, M., Rutigliano, G., Bonoldi, I., Stahl, D., Borgwardt, S., Riecher-Rössler, A., Addington, J., Perkins, D. O., Woods, S. W., McGlashan, T., Lee, J., Klosterkötter, J., Yung, A. R., & McGuire, P. (2016). The Dark Side of the Moon: Meta-analytical Impact of Recruitment Strategies on Risk Enrichment in the Clinical High Risk State for Psychosis. Schizophrenia bulletin, 42(3), 732–743.  Kuharic, D. B., Kekin, I., Hew, J., Kuzman, M. R., & Puljak, L. (2019). Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11). Nelson, B., Amminger, G. P., Bechdolf, A., French, P., Malla, A., Morrison, A. P., ... & Wood, S. J. (2020). Evidence for preventive treatments in young patients at clinical high risk of psychosis: the need for context. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(5), 378. Schmidt, S. J., Schultze-Lutter, F., Schimmelmann, B. G., Maric, N. P., Salokangas, R. K. R., Riecher-Rössler, A., ... & Morrison, A. (2015). EPA guidance on the early intervention in clinical high risk states of psychoses. European psychiatry, 30(3), 388-404. Yung, A. R., Yung, A. R., Pan Yuen, H., Mcgorry, P. D., Phillips, L. J., Kelly, D., ... & Buckby, J. (2005). Mapping the onset of psychosis: the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(11-12), 964-971.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast) and Facebook. You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com.  For more information visit our website: psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 38: Clinical High Risk for Psychosis with Dr. Thomas Raedler

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This is the second of two episodes covering the topic of eating disorders. In this episode, we explore the treatment of these illnesses with Dr. Randy Staab, a psychiatrist at Trillium Health Partners and medical director of the eating disorders program at Credit Valley Hospital.    The learning objectives for the episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Outline the management of eating disorders using a biopsychosocial framework. Identify the indications for various levels of care (inpatient, residential, day hospital, outpatient, etc). Understand the ethical and medicolegal dilemmas (i.e. involuntary treatment) that may arise in treatment of eating disorders. Consider the treatment of special populations (i.e. children and adolescents, older adults, men, LGBTQ+ individuals).   Guest: Dr. Randolf “Randy” Staab   Hosts: Dr. Lucy Chen, Dr. Nikhita Singhal (PGY3), Dr. Vanessa Aversa (PGY4)   Audio editing by: Dr. Vanessa Aversa   Show notes by: Dr. Vanessa Aversa, Dr. Nikhita Singhal   Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00  Learning objectives - 00:39 Biological approaches to treatment: Nutritional rehabilitation - 03:47 Medications - 06:00 Psychological approaches to treatment -16:35 Treatment of comorbidities - 23:45 Levels of care - 26:00 Ethical dilemmas - 32:40 Special populations: Children and adolescents - 35:35 Older adults - 36:45 Men - 37:55 LGBTQ+ - 40:23 Novel interventions - 42:48 Closing - 51:47   Resources: The National Eating Disorder Information Centre (NEDIC) provides information, resources, referrals and support to Canadians affected by eating disorders: https://nedic.ca. The National initiative for Eating Disorders (NIED) provides access to educational, informational, and other recovery-oriented resources related to eating disorder prevention and treatment: https://nied.ca. Body Brave provides accessible eating disorder treatment and support, as well as community training and education: https://bodybrave.ca.   References: American Psychiatric Association. Feeding and eating disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm10 Gaudiani J. Sick Enough: A Guide to the Medical Complications of Eating Disorders. New York, NY: Routledge; 2019. Mehler PS, Andersen AE. Eating Disorders: A Guide to Medical Care and Complications. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2017. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders. 3rd ed. 2006. Geller J, Isserlin L, Seale E, et al. The short treatment allocation tool for eating disorders: current practices in assigning patients to level of care. J Eat Disord. 2018;6(45). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0230-2 McClain Z, Peebles R. Body image and eating disorders among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2016 December; 63(6):1079–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.008 Mangweth-Matzek B, Hoek HW, Rupp CI, Lackner-Seifert K, Frey N, Whitworth AB, Pope HG, Kinzl J. Prevalence of eating disorders in middle-aged women. Int J Eat Disord. 2014 April; 47(3):320–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22232 Treasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7 Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(6):543‐548. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e328365a24f   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 37: Treating Eating Disorders with Dr. Randy Staab

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This is the first of two episodes covering the topic of eating disorders. In this episode, we explore the diagnosis, etiology, and symptomatology of these illnesses with Dr. Randy Staab, a psychiatrist at Trillium Health Partners and medical director of the eating disorders program at Credit Valley Hospital. Dr. Staab joins us again for Part 2, which will focus on eating disorder treatment.   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Recognize the clinical features of the following eating disorders using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria:  Anorexia Nervosa (AN) Bulimia Nervosa (BN) Binge Eating Disorder (BED) Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) Identify predisposing factors for eating disorders using a biopsychosocial framework. List common comorbid psychiatric conditions associated with eating disorders. Identify and describe the medical complications of eating disorders.   Guest: Dr. Randolf “Randy” Staab   Hosts: Dr. Lucy Chen, Dr. Nikhita Singhal (PGY2), Dr. Vanessa Aversa (PGY3)   Audio editing by: Dr. Nikhita Singhal, Dr. Vanessa Aversa   Show notes by: Dr. Vanessa Aversa   Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00  Learning objectives - 2:08 DSM-5 definition, clinical features, and associated comorbidities of: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) - 4:27 Bulimia Nervosa (BN) - 12:36 Binge Eating Disorder (BED) - 18:08 Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) - 21:43 Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) - 26:21 Approach to the initial assessment of a patient with an eating disorder - 29:45 Predisposing factors and explanatory models for the development of eating disorders: Biological factors - 38:10 Psychological factors - 44:00 Sociocultural factors - 48:02 Onset of eating disorders - 49:34 Possible precipitating factors - 51:50 Medical complications of eating disorders: Cardiovascular - 56:13 Endocrine - 58:09 Musculoskeletal - 1:03:20 Gastrointestinal - 1:05:17 Neurological - 1:08:13 Renal - 1:08:59 Dermatological - 1:09:26 Relevant laboratory investigations - 1:11:27 Overview of refeeding syndrome - 1:12:30 Closing - 1:14:27   Resources: The National Eating Disorder Information Centre (NEDIC) provides information, resources, referrals and support to Canadians affected by eating disorders: https://nedic.ca. The National initiative for Eating Disorders (NIED) provides access to educational, informational, and other recovery-oriented resources related to eating disorder prevention and treatment: https://nied.ca. Body Brave provides accessible eating disorder treatment and support, as well as community training and education: https://bodybrave.ca.   References: American Psychiatric Association. Feeding and eating disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm10 Gaudiani J. Sick Enough: A Guide to the Medical Complications of Eating Disorders. New York, NY: Routledge; 2019. Mehler PS, Andersen AE. Eating Disorders: A Guide to Medical Care and Complications. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2017. McClain Z, Peebles R. Body image and eating disorders among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2016 December; 63(6):1079–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.008 Mangweth-Matzek B, Hoek HW, Rupp CI, Lackner-Seifert K, Frey N, Whitworth AB, Pope HG, Kinzl J. Prevalence of eating disorders in middle-aged women. Int J Eat Disord. 2014 April; 47(3):320–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22232 Treasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7 Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(6):543‐548. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e328365a24f   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 36: Understanding Eating Disorders with Dr. Randy Staab

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners.   This episode covers the psychiatric aspects of chronic pain with expert guest:   Dr. Leon Tourian, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, and psychiatrist at the MUHC Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, you should be able to Explore the role of psychiatry in the management of pain Discuss the epidemiology of psychiatric comorbidities in pain disorders. Outline the pathophysiology of pain and its relationship to psychiatric disorders. Outline the role of non-pharmacological management/treatment of pain including psychotherapy and central neuromodulation Discuss a general psychopharmacology approach in the management of pain relief and psychiatric comorbidities with chronic pain (including SNRI, TCAs, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics and cannabinoids). Discuss the intersection of pain medicine with somatic symptom and related disorders   Guest: Dr. Leon Tourian Hosts: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY3), Dr. Nima Nahiddi (PGY3), Audrey Le (CC4) Audio editing by Audrey Le Show notes by Dr. Nima Nahiddi Episode Infographic by Dr. Luba Bryushkova and Dr. Nikhita Singhal     Interview Content: Introduction and learning objectives – 0:00 Role of psychiatry in management of chronic pain – 1:45 Psychiatric co-morbidities in patients with chronic pain – 5:45 Biological link between pain and psychiatric co-morbidities – 11:00 Psychological approach to understanding and management of chronic pain– 14:30 Central neuromodulation strategies for chronic pain – 21:00 General pharmacological approach to the management of chronic pain – 22:30 Pathogenesis of neuropathic and somatic visceral pain – 30:00 Antipsychotics in the management of chronic pain – 37:00 Cannabis in the management of chronic pain – 40:30 Somatic symptom disorder – 46:00 Stigma in chronic pain disorders – 53:10 Treatment of somatic symptom disorder – 58:30 Psychiatry and the stigma of chronic pain disorders– 61:00 Closing remarks – 65:15   Articles and Resources: Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain (CMAJ) Guideline The 2017 Canadian Guideline for Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain (McMaster University) List of Pain & Opioid Initiatives (2017) (CFPC) Canadian Pain Task Force Report: June 2019   References: Dersh, J., Polatin, P. B., & Gatchel, R. J. (2002). Chronic pain and psychopathology: research findings and theoretical considerations. Psychosomatic medicine, 64(5), 773–786. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000024232.11538.54   Katz, J., Rosenbloom, B. N., & Fashler, S. (2015). Chronic Pain, Psychopathology, and DSM-5 Somatic Symptom Disorder. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 60(4), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000402   O'Connell, N. E., Marston, L., Spencer, S., DeSouza, L. H., & Wand, B. M. (2018). Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 4(4), CD008208. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008208.pub5   Ratcliffe, G. E., Enns, M. W., Belik, S. L., & Sareen, J. (2008). Chronic pain conditions and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: an epidemiologic perspective. The Clinical journal of pain, 24(3), 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815ca2a3   Tunks, E. R., Crook, J., & Weir, R. (2008). Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 53(4), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370805300403   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 35: Pain Psychiatry with Dr. Leon Tourian

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) with Dr. Sandhya Prashad, a psychiatrist and the founder and medical director of Houston Ketamine Therapeutics. She has extensive expertise using ketamine and is one of the most experienced ketamine psychiatrists in the United States, with her clinical practice focusing on TRD and incorporating transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), sometimes in conjunction with ketamine. Dr. Prashad is also a founding member and current president of the American Society of Ketamine Physicians (ASKP), a non-profit organization created to advocate for the safe use of ketamine for mental illness and pain disorders and to expand access to ketamine therapy.   We’re also experimenting with something new for this episode — providing a transcript of the entire interview! The transcript can be found at psychedpodcast.org/transcripts/ketamine. We’d love to hear your feedback as listeners on this as a feature, including whether it’s something you’d be interested in seeing for other episodes moving forward!   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Describe ketamine and how it came to be used in the field of psychiatry. Develop an appreciation for benefits and potential harms associated with ketamine and how this compares to other treatments for depression. Understand how ketamine fits into the treatment of depression and suicidality, patient characteristics to consider before initiation, potential mechanisms of action, different models of administration, and incorporation of psychotherapy.   Guest expert: Dr. Sandhya Prashad   Hosts: Jimmy Qian (MS2), Dr. Nikhita Singhal (PGY2), Dr. Chase Thompson (PGY3)   Audio editing by: Dr. Chase Thompson   Show notes by: Gray Meckling (MS4)   Interview transcript by: Gray Meckling   00:00 – Introduction 03:00 – Learning objectives 03:30 – History of ketamine 06:20 – Recreational use of ketamine, phenomenology of the ketamine experience 09:45 – Where does ketamine fall in the algorithm for treatment of depression? 11:50 – Ketamine’s use in acute suicidality 13:40 – Ketamine contraindications 14:40 – Ketamine efficacy 19:00 – Combining ketamine with rTMS 21:15 – Limitations to ketamine 24:35 – Ketamine mechanism of action 26:05 – Ketamine formulations, and integrating ketamine into psychotherapy 33:10 – Combining ketamine with traditional antidepressant treatment 37:30 – Practicalities of administering ketamine 39:40 – Ketamine as treatment for OCD and PTSD 41:40 – Closing remarks   Resources: American Society of Ketamine Physicians, Psychotherapists & Practitioners (ASKP) Sandhya Prashad, MD (Website) NEJM interview with Dr. Roy Perlis: Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression — First FDA-Approved Antidepressant in a New Class   References: Berman, R., Cappiello, A., Anand, A., Oren, D., Heninger, G., Charney, D.. (2000) Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 47: 351–354. Daly, E. J., Trivedi, M. H., Janik, A., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Li, X., ... & Thase, M. E. (2019). Efficacy of esketamine nasal spray plus oral antidepressant treatment for relapse prevention in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 76(9), 893-903. J.W. Murrough, D.V. Iosifescu, L.C. Chang, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two site randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2013 (170) (2013), pp. 1134-1142 Kim, J., Farchione, T., Potter, A., Chen, Q., & Temple, R. (2019). Esketamine for treatment-resistant depression-first FDA-approved antidepressant in a new class. N Engl J Med, 381(1), 1-4. McIntyre, R. S., Rosenblat, J. D., Nemeroff, C. B., Sanacora, G., Murrough, J. W., Berk, M., ... & Stahl, S. (2021). Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation. American Journal of Psychiatry, appi-ajp. Muetzelfeldt L, Kamboj SK, Rees H, Taylor J, Morgan CJA, Curran HV. Journey through the K-hole: Phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence [Internet]. 2008 Jun 1;95(3):219–29. Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, Mathew SJ, Turner MS, Schatzberg AF, Summergrad P, Nemeroff CB. A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA psychiatry. 2017 Apr 1;74(4):399-405. Williams NR, Heifets BD, Blasey C, Sudheimer K, Pannu J, Pankow H, Hawkins J, Birnbaum J, Lyons DM, Rodriguez CI, Schatzberg AF. Attenuation of antidepressant effects of ketamine by opioid receptor antagonism. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 1;175(12):1205-15. Williams NR, Heifets BD, Bentzley BS, Blasey C, Sudheimer KD, Hawkins J, Lyons DM, Schatzberg AF. Attenuation of antidepressant and anti suicidal effects of ketamine by opioid receptor antagonism. Molecular psychiatry. 2019 Dec;24(12):1779-86. Zarate, C., Singh, J., Carlson, P., Brutsche, N., Ameli, R., Luckenbaugh, D.. (2006a) A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 856–864.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA). For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 34: Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression with Dr. Sandhya Prashad

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the treatment of borderline personality disorder with expert guests: Dr. Robert Biskin, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, and inpatient psychiatrist at the Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic at the McGill University Health Centre, as well as the inpatient psychiatrist at the Jewish General Hospital. Dr. Ronald Fraser, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, Adjunct Professor at Dalhousie University, and head of the Inpatient Detoxification Services and Addictions Unit, as well as director of the Extended Care Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic at the McGill University Health Centre. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:  By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Understand the frame and principles of care for the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder. Explore the approach to the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder: On presentation in crisis to the emergency department. During an inpatient psychiatric admission. In the context of psychiatric outpatient care. Understand the use of psychotherapy in the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder. Understand the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder Guest: Dr. Robert Biskin and Dr. Ronald Fraser Hosts: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY3), Dr. Nima Nahiddi (PGY3), Audrey Le (CC4) Audio editing by Audrey Le Show notes by Dr. Nima Nahiddi Interview Content:  Introduction – 0:00 Learning objectives – 0:35 Principles of care for treatment of BPD – 1:16 The therapeutic frame – 5:40  Approach to the management of emergency department presentations – 9:10 Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) – 16:15 Suicidality and self-harm in BPD diagnosis – 21:05 Pharmacotherapy for symptom treatment – 22:40 Treatment of co-morbid disorders – 32:35  Management of safety risk – 39:30 Stigma in treatment of BPD – 46:05 Closing remarks – 52:00 Resources/Articles: The Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Implications of Research on Diagnosis, Etiology, and Outcome | Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (annualreviews.org) Efficacy of Psychotherapies for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Psychiatry | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network National Education Alliance for Borderline Personality Disorder References:   Cristea I.A., Gentili C, Cotet CD, Palomba D, Barbui C, Cuijpers P. (2017) Efficacy of Psychotherapies for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(4):319–328. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287 Ingenhoven T, Lafay P, Rinne T, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden H  J. (2010) Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for severe personality disorders: meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychiatry. 71(1):14.  Paris J. (2009). The Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Implications of Research on Diagnosis, Etiology, and Outcome. Review of Clinical Psychology. 5:1, 277-290 Stoffers J, Vollm BA, Rucker G, Timmer A, Huband N. (2010) Pharmacological interventions for borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD005653. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005653 Storebø  OJ, Stoffers-Winterling  JM, Völlm  BA, Kongerslev  MT, Mattivi  JT, Jørgensen  MS, Faltinsen  E, Todorovac  A, Sales  CP, Callesen  HE, Lieb  K, Simonsen  E.  (2020) Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD012955. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2     CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.  

PsychEd Episode 33: Treating Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Robert Biskin and Dr. Ronald Fraser

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder with expert guests: Dr. Robert Biskin, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, psychiatrist at the Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic at the McGill University Health Centre, as well as inpatient psychiatrist at the Jewish General Hospital. Dr. Ronald Fraser, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, Adjunct Professor at Dalhousie University, head of the Inpatient Detoxification Services and Addictions Unit, as well as director of the Extended Care Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic at the McGill University Health Centre.   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… List the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder. Recall the epidemiology of borderline personality disorder. Consider the risk factors and posited causal mechanisms for borderline personality disorder, including developmental and neurobiological mechanisms.  Discuss the clinical presentation of borderline personality in different clinical settings, including the Emergency and Outpatient settings.  Recognize the differential diagnoses for patients presenting with borderline personality disorder. List the common comorbid psychiatric and general medical conditions with borderline personality disorder. Discuss the common diagnostic challenges and pitfalls. Explore the stigma surrounding the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, and discuss a therapeutic approach to providing psychoeducation to patients with this diagnosis.    Guests: Dr. Robert Biskin and Dr. Ronald Fraser. Hosts: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY3), Dr. Nima Nahiddi (PGY3), Audrey Le (CC4). Audio editing by Audrey Le. Show notes by Dr. Nima Nahiddi.   Interview Content: Introduction – 0:00 Learning objectives – 2:03 DSM-5 definition of personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder (BPD) – 3:00 Other associated features of BPD – 4:36 Distinguishing BPD from other psychiatric and co-morbid conditions – 5:55 Epidemiology of BPD – 13:48 BPD over the lifecycle – 18:05 Explanatory models for the development of BPD – 21:20 Differences in the presentation of BPD – 26:00 Approach to a BPD diagnosis in the emergency department – 31:05 Stigma surrounding BPD diagnosis and disclosure of diagnosis – 33:51 Clinical pearls for screening of BPD – 41:11 Evidenced based screening tools or scales for BPD diagnosis – 46:22 Closing – 48:40 Resources: MSI-BDP: MacLean Screening Index for BPD Diagnostic Interview for BPD – Revised (DIB-R): https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-11356-001 Articles: Diagnosing borderline personality disorder | CMAJ   References: Biskin, R.S., Paris, J. (2012). Diagnosing borderline personality disorder. CMAJ. 184 (16), 1789-1794. Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Frankenburg, F. R., & Chauncey, D. L. (1989). The revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines: Discriminating BPD from other Axis II disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3(1), 10–18. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 32: Diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder with Dr. Robert Biskin and Dr. Ronald Fraser

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers psychodynamic psychotherapy with Dr. Rex Kay. Dr. Kay is a staff psychiatrist at Mount Sinai Hospital, assistant professor and modality lead for dynamic psychotherapy at the University of Toronto, as well as a faculty member at the Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis.    The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Define psychodynamic psychotherapy.  Describe the core concepts of psychodynamic therapy.  Determine who may be an appropriate patient for psychodynamic psychotherapy.  Describe the evidence base for psychodynamic psychotherapy.  Compare and contrast psychodynamic therapy to other psychotherapies.    Guest: Dr. Rex Kay   Produced and Hosted by: Jordan Bawks and Anita Corsini   Audio editing by: Anita Corsini   Resources: Ars Medica: A Journal of Medicine, the Arts, and Humanities Canadian Institute for Child and Adolescent Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy  Narrative Competence Psychotherapy Group at Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis Toronto Institute of Psychoanalysis    References: Black, M. & Mitchell, S. (2016). Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books.  Cabaniss, D. L., Cherry, S., Douglas, C. J., & Schwartz, A. R. (2017). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: A clinical manual. Wiley.   Driessen, E., Hegelmaier, L. M., Abbass, A. A., Barber, J. P., Dekker, J. J., Van, H. L., Jansma, E. P., & Cuijpers, P. (2015). The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis update. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.004 Eppel, A. (2018). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Springer.  Karen, R. (1994). Becoming attached: First relationships and how they shape our capacity to love. Oxford.  Safran, J. D. (2012). Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Therapies. American Psychological Association.  Summers, R. F. & Barber, J. P. (2010). Psychodynamic Therapy: A Guide to Evidence-Based Practice. Guilford. CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 31: Understanding Psychodynamic Therapy with Dr. Rex Kay

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers anti-black racism and mental health with Dr. Kwame McKenzie. Dr. McKenzie is an international expert on the social causes of illness, suicide and the development of effective, equitable health systems. He is a Professor of Psychiatry at University of Toronto and a staff psychiatrist and Director of Health Equity at the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health.   The learning objectives:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Understand the history and legacy of racism and mental health in the black community Understand the current state of racism towards black people and the impacts on their mental health. Explore how healthcare workers can be anti-racist in providing mental health care and how the system can change to improve the mental health of black people.   Host(s): Anita Corsini (social worker), Dr. Alex Raben (staff psychiatrist), and Rebecca Marsh (CC4)   Produced by: Anita Corsis, Rebecca March, Randi Wang (CC4), and Dr. Alex Raben   Guest experts: Dr. Kwame McKenzie, staff psychiatrist   Resources:   Manual for Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for English-Speaking People of Caribbean Origin The City of Toronto has curated a list of Mental Health Resources for Black Communities. Organizations include: Across Boundaries Black Creek Community Health Centre Caribbean African Canadian Social Services Rexdale Community Health Centre TAIBU Community Health Centre The Black Health Alliance Women’s Health in Women’s Hands Community Health Centre   References:   Adelman, J. (2003). Study in Blue and Grey, Police Interventions with People with Mental Illness: A Review of Challenges and Responses [Ebook]. Canadian Mental Health Association. Retrieved 7 October 2020, from https://cmha.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/policereport.pdf. Bailey, R. K., Mokonogho, J., & Kumar, A. (2019). Racial and ethnic differences in depression: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 15, 603–609. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S128584 Bor, J., Venkataramani, A., Williams, D., & Tsai, A. (2018). Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet, 392(10144), 302-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31130-9 Bresnahan, M., Begg, M., Brown, A., Schaefer, C., Sohler, N., & Insel, B. et al. (2007). Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity?. International Journal Of Epidemiology, 36(4), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym041 Chakraborty, A., McKenzie, K., & King, M. (2009). Discrimination, ethnicity and psychosis — a qualitative study. Ethnicity And Inequalities In Health And Social Care, 2(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1108/17570980200900004 Fernando, S. (2014). Racism in psychiatry. In R. Moodley & M. Ocampo (Eds.), Critical Psychiatry and Mental Health: Exploring the Work of Suman Fernando in Clinical Practice (pp. 22-32). Taylor & Francis.   Kirkmayer, L. J. (2014). Critical psychiatry in Canada. In R. Moodley & M. Ocampo (Eds.), Critical Psychiatry and Mental Health: Exploring the Work of Suman Fernando in Clinical Practice (pp. 170-181). Taylor & Francis.   Kuper, A. (2018). Cultural Safety & Equity [Lecture PDF]. Retrieved from University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.  Maynard, R. (2017). Policing Black Lives: State Violence in Canada from Slavery to the Present. Fernwood. McKenzie, K. (2002). Does racial discrimination cause mental illness?. European Psychiatry, 17, 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80385-6 McKenzie, K., & Bhui, K. (2007). Institutional racism in mental health care. BMJ, 334(7595), 649-650. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39163.395972.80 MCRRT - St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton. St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton. (2020). Retrieved 7 October 2020, from https://www.stjoes.ca/health-services/mental-health-addiction-services/mental-health-services/coast/mcrrt. Richardson, L. (2019). Diversity and Advocacy [Lecture PDF]. Retrieved from University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.  CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast) and Facebook. You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com.  For more information visit our website: psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 30: Anti-black Racism and Mental Health with Dr. Kwame McKenzie

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the topic of cultural psychiatry with expert guest Dr. Eric Jarvis, Staff Psychiatrist and Director of the Cultural Consultation Service and the First Episode Psychosis Program at the Jewish General Hospital in Montreal, Quebec and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Define culture Describe how culture affects psychiatric care Outline the goal and structure of a Cultural Formulation Interview Evaluate clinical scenarios to determine whether to employ the Cultural Formulation Interview or seek a cultural consultation Define the three types of cultural concepts of distress, and compare these with DSM-5 nosology Discuss the concept of cultural competency  Explore the role of advocacy in psychiatric practice   Guest expert: Dr. Eric Jarvis Hosts: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY3), Audrey Le (CC4) Audio editing by Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY3) Show notes by Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY3)   Interview Content: Introductions: 0:28 Learning objectives: 3:01 Definition of cultural psychiatry: 3:52 Definition of culture: 6:50 Disparities in mental health outcomes 12:48 The Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) 15:59 Cultural concepts of distress 34:28 Cultural competency 40:46 Role of advocacy in psychiatry 48:04 Tips for those interested and training opportunities 51:26 Closing 61:01   Resources: McGill Summer Program in Social and Cultural Psychiatry McGill Advanced Study Institute in Cultural Psychiatry Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture Cultural Psychiatry Day   References: Cultural Formulation. (2017). In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Kirmayer, L. J., Fung, K., Rousseau, C., Lo, H. T., Menzies, P., Guzder, J., . . . Mckenzie, K. (2020). Guidelines for Training in Cultural Psychiatry. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 070674372090750. doi:10.1177/0706743720907505 Kirmayer, L. J., Kronick, R., & Rousseau, C. (2018). Advocacy as Key to Structural Competency in Psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(2), 119. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3897  Kirmayer, L.J., Rousseau, C., Jarvis, G.E. and Guzder, J. (2008). The Cultural Context of Clinical Assessment. In Psychiatry (eds A. Tasman, J. Kay, J.A. Lieberman, M.B. First and M. Maj). doi:10.1002/9780470515167.ch4    CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 29: Cultural Psychiatry with Dr. Eric Jarvis

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers Immigrant and Refugee mental health with not one, not two but three experts in the field: Dr. Lisa Andermann, Dr. Clare Pain, and Norma Hannant.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to: Explore the social, political and legal context of refugees and immigrants presenting with mental health concerns: Appreciate the specific mental health needs of refugee and immigrant populations in Canada. Describe the clinical approach to providing mental health care for this population: Produced and Hosted by: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY 3), Weam Sieffien (CC3), and Shaoyuan (Randi) Wang (CC3)   Produced by: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY 3), Weam Sieffien (CC3), and Shaoyuan (Randi) Wang (CC3)   Guest experts: Dr. Lisa Andermann, Dr. Clare Pain, Norma Hannant  Resources:  Immigrant and Refugee Mental Health Project (courses, community of practice and toolkits) Listen to Weam’s hands-on impressions of this resource in the post-credits of this episode References  Edmonston, B. (2016). Canadian immigration trends and patterns. Canadian Studies in Population, 43(1-2), 78-116.  Duffin, E. (2020). Immigration in Canada - Statistics & Facts. Statista. Retrieved 2020-06-16 from https://www.statista.com/topics/2917/immigration-in-canada/ Statistics Canada. (2019). Classification of admission category of immigrant. Retrieved 2020-06-16 from https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3VD.pl?Function=getVD&TVD=323293&CVD=323294&CLV=0&MLV=4&D=1 Robert, A. & Gilkinson, T. (2012). Mental health and well-being of recent immigrants in Canada: Evidence from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 2020-06-16 from https://novascotia.cmha.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/mental-health.pdf Ng, E. (2015). The healthy immigrant effect and mortality rates. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2020-06-16 from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2011004/article/11588-eng.htm Immigrant and Refugee Mental Health Project. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://irmhp-psmir.camhx.ca/ Stats Canada 2016 Stats Canada 2017 Blair AH, Schneeberg A. Changes in the ‘healthy migrant effect’ in Canada: are recent immigrants healthier than they were a decade ago?. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2014 Feb 1;16(1):136-42 Vang Z, Sigouin J, Flenon A, Gagnon A. The healthy immigrant effect in Canada: A systematic review. Population Change and Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster Discussion Paper Series/Un Réseau stratégique de connaissances Changements de population et parcours de vie Document de travail. 2015;3(1):4. Close C, Kouvonen A, Bosqui T, Patel K, O’Reilly D, Donnelly M. The mental health and wellbeing of first generation migrants: a systematic-narrative review of reviews. Globalization and health. 2016 Dec;12(1):47. Kirmayer LJ, Narasiah L, Munoz M, Rashid M, Ryder AG, Guzder J, Hassan G, Rousseau C, Pottie K. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Cmaj. 2011 Sep 6;183(12):E959-67 Betancourt, J.R., Green, A.R., Carrillo, J.E., & Ananeh-Firempong, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports, 118, 293-302. Harris, M. & Fallot, R.D. (2001). Envisioning a Trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. New Directions in Mental Health Services, 89, 3-22. Chen AW, Kazanjian A, Wong H. Why do Chinese Canadians not consult mental health services: health status, language or culture?. Transcultural psychiatry. 2009 Dec;46(4):623-41. Durbin A, Lin E, Moineddin R, Steele LS, Glazier RH. Use of mental health care for nonpsychotic conditions by immigrants in different admission classes and by refugees in Ontario, Canada. Open Medicine. 2014;8(4):e136. Hansson, E., Tuck, A., Lurie, S., and McKenzie, K. for the Task Group of the Services Systems Advisory Committee, Mental Health Commission of Canada.  (2010). Improving mental health services for immigrant, refugee, ethno-cultural and racialized groups: Issues and options for service improvement. Available: http://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/English/document/457/improving-mental-health-services-immigrant-refugee-ethno-cultural-and-racialized-groups Paniagua, F. (2014). Assessing and Treating Culturally Diverse Clients: A Practical Guide. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast) and Facebook. You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com.  For more information visit our website: psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 28: Newcomer mental health with Dr. Lisa Andermann, Dr. Clare Pain, and Norma Hannant

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners.   In this episode, we begin to explore the neurobiology of the serotonin system — along with key pharmacological agents (SSRIs and classical psychedelics) that act on this system — with guest expert Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris, a neuroscientist and head of the Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London.   Our discussion is more theoretical than directly clinically relevant, striving to provide a mechanistic understanding of how serotonin functions within the brain and how serotonin-modulating drugs influence this system. The episode was inspired by a review published by our guest expert and Dr. David Nutt called “Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors” (cited below). If you are interested in the topic, you might consider reading this review in full! Please note that the figures referenced during this episode can be accessed at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/figure/10.1177/0269881117725915.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:    By the end of this episode, you should be able to…   Understand the general anatomy and function of the serotonin system, with a focus on the purported activity of the more common serotonin receptors and transporters. Describe the effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and how they lead to symptom improvement in mood and anxiety disorders, in addition to the mechanism of action of other serotonergic medications. Consider the two-pronged serotonin system conceptualized by Dr. Carhart-Harris, and understand how serotonergic agents (including SSRIs and classic psychedelics) and the concepts of active and passive coping fit within this theory.   Guest: Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris, a neuroscientist and head of the Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London.   Produced and hosted by: Dr. Chase Thompson (PGY3), Dr. Lucy Chen (Psychiatrist), Dr. Nikhita Singhal (PGY2)   Audio editing by: Dr. Chase Thompson   Infographic by: Dr Chase Thompson, Dr Nikhita Singhal   Interview Content:   00:18 - Introductions 3:00 - Learning objectives 4:10 - Introduction to serotonin 10:30 - 5HT1A receptors 24:30 - 5HT2A receptors 30:20 - Serotonin system operation under normal conditions 35:00 - Introduction of bipartite model / two divergent methods for addressing depression 42:20 - Parallels between psychological destabilization (through therapy) and the psychedelic effect  46:20 - Who should not have a psychedelic experience? Are psychedelics intrinsically psychotherapeutic or facilitative in nature? 50:20 - Brief discussion of the neuroimaging correlates of psychotherapeutic benefits from psychedelic experiences 58:40 - Discussion of why 2A agonists cause psychedelic effects but high serotonin release does not   Resources:   Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ. Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117725915 Artigas F, Nutt DJ, Shelton R. Mechanism of action of antidepressants. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2002;36 Suppl 2:123-132. Antidepressants. In: Stahl SM. Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press; 2013:284-369. Beliveau V, Ganz M, Feng L, et al. A High-Resolution In Vivo Atlas of the Human Brain's Serotonin System. J Neurosci. 2017;37(1):120-128. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2830-16.2016 Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(7):619-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30065-7 Carhart-Harris RL, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, et al. The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ. REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics. Pharmacol Rev. 2019;71(3):316-344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1181-1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513 Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R. Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;187(3):268-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 27: Serotonin Pharmacology: From SSRIs to Psychedelics with Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers nutritional psychiatry with expert guest Dr. Laura LaChance, Staff Psychiatrist and Director of Outpatient Psychiatry at St. Mary’s Hospital Centre in Montreal, Quebec and Faculty Lecturer in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to…   1)      Define nutritional psychiatry 2)      Understand the mechanisms, common misconceptions, challenges, and current evidence supporting the role for nutrition in mental health 3)      Apply this understanding to clinical cases in psychiatry   Guest: Dr. Laura LaChance Hosts: Dr. Sarah Hanafi (PGY2), Dr. Nima Nahiddi (PGY2), Gray Meckling (CC3) Audio editing by Dr. Alex Raben (PGY5) Show notes by Gray Meckling   Interview Content:   ·       Introduction and learning objectives – 0:35 ·       Dr. Laura LaChance’s professional background – 1:50 ·       Definition of nutritional psychiatry and history of the field – 3:35 ·       Putative mechanisms through which nutrition is implicated in mental health – 7:00 ·       Common misconceptions surrounding the role for nutrition in mental health – 11:45 ·       Current evidence supporting the role for nutrition in the management of psychiatric illness – 16:00 ·       Case-based examples of nutrition in clinical psychiatry – 23:35 ·       Challenges to capitalizing on this mode of intervention in psychiatry – 32:30 ·       Taking a dietary history in the context of mental health – 34:50 ·       Future directions in the field of nutritional psychiatry – 41:20 ·       The gut-microbiome – 43:00 ·       Tips for those interested and how to get involved – 48:00 ·       Closing – 50:15   Resources:   ·       International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research ·       The Food & Mood Centre at Deakin University ·       Future Learn Online Course – Food and Mood: Improving Mental Health Through Diet and Nutrition ·       The Brain Food Academy ·       Dr. Drew Ramsey ·       Food as Medicine Update – Conference   Articles:   ·       Nutritional Psychiatry: The Gut-Brain Connection (Psychiatric Times) ·       Nutritional Psychiatry: Your Brain on Food (Harvard Health Publishing)   References:   ·       Adan, R. A., van der Beek, E. M., Buitelaar, J. K., Cryan, J. F., Hebebrand, J., Higgs, S., ... & Dickson, S. L. (2019). Nutritional psychiatry: Towards improving mental health by what you eat. European Neuropsychopharmacology. ·       Auction, Monique & LaChance, Laura & Cooley, Kieran & Kidd, Sean. (2019). Diet and Psychosis: A Scoping Review. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 6. S101. 10.1016/j.aimed.2019.03.292. ·       Firth J, Veronese N, Cotter J, Shivappa N, Hebert J, Ee C, Smith L, Stubbs B, Jackson S, Sarris J. What is the role of dietary inflammation in severe mental illness? a review of observational and experimental findings. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2019;10:350. ·       Firth, J., Carney, R., Stubbs, B., Teasdale, S. B., Vancampfort, D., Ward, P. B., ... & Sarris, J. (2018). Nutritional deficiencies and clinical correlates in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia bulletin, 44(6), 1275-1292. ·       Francis HM, Stevenson RJ, Chambers JR, Gupta D, Newey B, Lim CK. A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults–A randomised controlled trial. PloS one. 2019;14(10). ·       Guu TW, Mischoulon D, Sarris J, Hibbeln J, McNamara RK, Hamazaki K, Freeman MP, Maes M, Matsuoka YJ, Belmaker RH, Jacka F. International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research Practice Guidelines for Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2019;88(5):263-73. ·       Jacka, F. N. (2017). Nutritional psychiatry: where to next?. EBioMedicine, 17, 24-29. ·       Jacka F, O’Neil A, Opie R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the SMILES trial). BMC Med. 2017; 15:23. ·       LaChance, L. R., & Ramsey, D. (2018). Antidepressant foods: An evidence-based nutrient profiling system for depression. World journal of psychiatry, 8(3), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v8.i3.97 ·       Lachance, L., & Ramsey, D. (2015). Food, mood, and brain health: Implications for the modern clinician. Missouri medicine, 112(2), 111. ·       Marx W, Moseley G, Berk M, Jacka F. Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;76: 427-436. ·       Lakhan, S. E., & Vieira, K. F. (2010). Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutrition journal, 9(1), 42. ·       Mörkl S, Butler MI, Holl A, Cyran JF, Dinan TG. Probiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Psychiatry. Current Nutrition Reports. 2020 May 13. ·       Mörkl, S., Wagner-Skacel, J., Lahousen, T., Lackner, S., Holasek, S. J., Bengesser, S. A., ... & Reininghaus, E. (2020). The role of nutrition and the gut-brain axis in psychiatry: a review of the literature. Neuropsychobiology, 79(1-2), 80-88. ·       Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L. A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutritional neuroscience. 2019 Jul 3;22(7):474-87. ·       Sarris J, Logan AC, Akbaraly TN, et al. Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2: 271-274.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

PsychEd Episode 26: Nutritional Psychiatry with Dr. Laura LaChance

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. In this episode, we explore Attachment Theory, a key foundational framework in psychiatry which concerns relationships and the ways in which infants seek proximity to caregivers in development. Our guest expert is Dr. Diane Philipp, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Sick kids Center for Community Mental Health in Toronto and Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto. She has developed a family therapy method called Reflective Family Play, a model of therapy which aims to improve parent-child dynamics, and more specifically attachment. She currently practices reflective family play and also teaches this method locally and internationally. Produced and Hosted by Dr. Chase Thompson (PGY2) and Dr. Lucy Chen (PGY5) Audio Editing by Dr. Alex Raben (PGY5) The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:      Define attachment theory     Review the history of attachment theory and how the field developed     Briefly review the evolutionary basis, and functional role of attachment in infants     Briefly review the neurobiological perspectives of attachment     Outline and describe different types of attachment and attachment disorders     Learn how infant attachment is assessed in contemporary psychiatry/psychology     Learn how attachment disorders impact adult relationships and child rearing Some sources for further reading: Ainsworth, Mary S. “Infant-mother attachment” American psychologist 34.10 (1979): 932 Bowlby, J. "Lecture 2: The origins of attachment theory." A secure base (1988): 20-38. Cicchetti, Dante, Fred A. Rogosch, and Sheree L. Toth. "Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions." Development and psychopathology 18.3 (2006): 623-649. Cohen, Nancy J., et al. "Watch, wait, and wonder: Testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother–infant psychotherapy." Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health 20.4 (1999): 429-451. Collins, Nancy L. "Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior." Journal of personality and social psychology 71.4 (1996): 810. Feeney, Judith A., and Patricia Noller. "Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships." Journal of personality and Social Psychology 58.2 (1990): 281. George, Carol, Nancy Kaplan, and Mary Main. "Adult attachment interview." (1996).  Insel, Thomas R., and Larry J. Young. “The neurobiology of attachment.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2.2 (2001):129 Main, Mary. "Introduction to the special section on attachment and psychopathology: 2. Overview of the field of attachment." Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 64.2 (1996): 237. Simpson, Jeffry A., et al. "Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: A developmental perspective." Journal of personality and social psychology 92.2 (2007): 355. Sroufe, L. Alan, et al. "Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology." Development and psychopathology 11.1 (1999): 1-13. CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast) and Facebook. You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodast@gmail.com For more information visit our website: psychedpodcast.org.  

PsychEd Episode 25: Understanding Attachment with Dr. Diane Philipp

This podcast is written and produced by psychiatry residents at the University of Toronto and is aimed at medical students and residents. Listeners will learn about fundamental and more advanced topics in psychiatry as our resident team explore these topics with world-class psychiatrists at U of T and abroad.

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PsychEd: educational psychiatry podcast

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