Today we welcome back Ken Sheldon to the podcast. Ken is a Curator's Distinguished Professor of Psychological Science at the University of Columbia, Missouri. He has written and edited over 200 academic books, scholarly articles, and book chapters. Among these, some of his most notable work include Optimal Human Being and Self-determination Theory in the Clinic. His latest book is called Freely Determined: What the New Psychology of the Self Teaches Us About How to Live.In this episode, I talk to Ken Sheldon about free will. Instead of questioning its existence, Ken is concerned with how we might use free will to help us reach our goals. Each person has the capacity to make good and bad choices, and to learn from the past. Although we are unable to know everything about ourselves, we can still make informed decisions. Believing that we have the ability to choose directly affects our well-being and values. We also touch on the topics of neuroscience, self-determination, and responsibility.  Website: sheldonk.mufaculty.umsystem.edu/home Topics03:09 Freely Determined07:23 System 1 and System 2 09:02 Cybernetic freewill12:12 Choices are not predetermined17:36 Self-determination theory20:20 The feeling of freedom 24:57 The evolution of the symbolic self32:47 The default mode network in goal setting40:57 The “Rewind the tape” argument45:05 The problem of too much freedom46:51 Determinism is detrimental50:45 Living well together 53:28 Free will is an adaptation

The Psychology Podcast

Why We Have Too Much Free Will || Ken Sheldon

Today we welcome Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and T.K. Coleman, known collectively as The Minimalists. Joshua and Ryan are Emmy-nominated Netflix stars and New York Times–bestselling authors. Alongside their podcast co-host, T.K., they help millions of people live meaningful lives with less. The Minimalists have been featured in Time, Architectural Digest, and GQ, and they have spoken at Harvard, Apple, and Google. Their podcast has more than 100 million downloads, making it one of the most popular podcasts in the world.In this episode I talk to Joshua, Ryan, and T.K. about minimalism. All too often, we are preoccupied with amassing wealth and possessions in an attempt to fill the void. Soon, we find that accumulating stuff doesn’t make us feel whole. Instead of turning to objects, the minimalists ask us to ponder “How do we live more with less?” When we can get rid of clutter in our homes, digital spaces, and relationships, we make room for what’s truly important. Joshua, Ryan, and T.K. talk about how minimalism has changed their lives, allowing them to feel more content, mindful, and generous. Website: www.theminimalists.comTwitter: @TheMinimalists Topics01:46 Why minimalism?08:27 Integrity and hypocrisy13:05 Abundance begins from within19:55 Minimalistic being23:17 The “hell yes!” rule27:20 Slow down to go faster30:59 Confronting the void42:38 Advertisements suck48:21 Keep what brings joy and value53:55 The secret to organization1:01:03 The spontaneous combustion rule

How Minimalism Can Change Your Life || The Minimalists

Today we welcome John Vervaeke. John is an award-winning professor at the University of Toronto in Psychology, Cognitive Science and Buddhist Psychology. His academic interests include wisdom, mindfulness, meditation, relevance realization, general intelligence, and rationality. He is the author of Awakening from the Meaning Crisis Youtube series and co-author of Zombies in Western Culture: A 21st Century Crisis.In this episode I talk to John Vaervaeke about the meaning crisis. There is a growing number of people who are struggling to find purpose in life. Society seems to be losing touch of its humanity. John argues that we can address the meaning crisis by appreciating and grounding ourselves in reality. We can find relevance by deepening our relationship with the world and the people around us. In turn, this reverence affords us peace of mind, while recognizing the interconnection of all things. We also touch on the topics of transcendence, mattering, narcissism, spirituality and artificial intelligence.  Website: patreon.com/johnvervaekeTwitter: @vervaeke_john Topics03:30 Meaning and mattering07:25 Relevance realization13:33 Grounding and peace of mind17:30 Horizontal and vertical transcendence25:45 Wisdom is overcoming dichotomy29:42 Measuring rationality34:17 Zen Neoplatonism and Daoism41:16 Spirituality is what remains45:43 Care is essential to being human49:20 The next Buddha is the Sangha51:33 Reverence realization58:45 The meaning crisis

Awakening from the Meaning Crisis || John Vaervaeke

Today we welcome Dr. Dacher Keltner, one of the world’s foremost emotion scientists. He is a professor of psychology at UC Berkeley and the director of the Greater Good Science Center. Fun fact: he was the scientific advisor behind the beloved Pixar movie, Inside Out! He has over 200 scientific publications and six books, including Born to Be Good, The Compassionate Instinct, and The Power Paradox. His latest book is called Awe: The New Science of Everyday Wonder and How It Can Transform Your Life.In this episode I talk to Dacher Keltner about the new science of awe. Emotions like fear and disgust have been extensively researched because of their roles in human survival. But Dr. Keltner argues that awe is also essential for well-being and community. Music, art, and nature are some of the antecedents that can induce a sense of wonder, inspiring us to be better by recognizing that we’re parts of a greater whole. We also touch on the topics of transcendence, neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and creativity.Website: dacherkeltner.comTwitter: @GreaterGoodSC Topics02:19 The science of awe09:59 What triggers awe?12:31 The neuroscience and physiology of awe17:06 The essential features of awe19:26 A prosocial approach to evolutionary psychology25:16 Dr. Keltner’s personal search for awe32:24 Nature and connectivity36:16 Are we depriving children of awe?38:20 Awe is a life detector40:54 Awe and creativity42:44 The dark side of awe45:09 Cultivating the awe mindset53:41 The unifying purpose of awe

The New Science of Awe || Dacher Keltner

Welcome to The Human Potential Lab! In this special series of The Psychology Podcast, I will be doing solo episodes answering your burning questions about the mind, brain, human behavior, and human potential.In the second episode of this series, I will be talking about creativity and how it differs from intelligence.Creativity can come in many different forms. It can be expressed through artistic compositions, through ingenious solutions to problems, or even through the combination of seemingly paradoxical ideas. Over the years, there’s been a large number of scientific studies which have sought to measure creativity. Not only that, but researchers have been able to identify what predicts divergent thinking and its association with certain personality traits. Other fascinating areas of investigation include the link between mental illness and creativity and the neuroscience behind the creative process. Today we will touch on all of these exciting areas. Website: scottbarrykaufman.comTwitter: @psychpodcast & @sbkaufman Topics01:57 Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking08:24 “Beyonder” characteristics12:39 Personality traits associated with creativity18:07 Ego strength of creative individuals 22:06 Creative people have messy minds25:53 Neuroscience of creativity32:39 The link between creativity and mental illness34:59 Flow and the creative process37:55 Combining originality and relevance

What is Creativity? || The Human Potential Lab

Today we welcome Gretchen Rubin, one of today’s most influential and thought-provoking observers of happiness and human nature. She’s a highly acclaimed writer, having sold millions of copies of her New York Times bestselling books. Her podcast, Happier with Gretchen Rubin, has more than 220 million downloads. As the founder of The Happiness Project, Gretchen has helped create an ecosystem of imaginative products and tools to help people become happier, healthier, more productive, and more creative. Her latest book is called Life in Five Senses.In this episode I talk to Gretchen Rubin about connecting to the world through our five senses. Our fast-paced, modern world keeps us constantly moving, making us feel disconnected from other people and our surroundings. Gretchen shares unconventional ways we can re-experience the world through seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching. She believes that tuning into life’s simple pleasures allows us to live each day with more appreciation and vitality. We also touch on the topics of mindfulness, creativity, learning, and individual differences.Website: gretchenrubin.comTwitter: @gretchenrubin Topics01:57 The Five-Senses Quiz08:25 The more we know, the more we notice11:09 Life in Five Senses14:34 We all have unique sensory worlds19:21 Gretchen’s daily visits to the MET 24:40 The longing for immersive experiences27:50 COVID has taught us to value our senses32:10 The magic of ketchup36:50 Connecting through sensory experiences40:04 What is your ideal sensory surrounding?50:21 The muse machine55:19 Different ways of being and sensing

Life in Five Senses || Gretchen Rubin

Today we welcome Sharon Salzberg, who is a meditation pioneer, world-renowned teacher, and New York Times bestselling author. She is the co-founder of The Insight Meditation Society. Her podcast, The Metta Hour, has amassed six million downloads and features interviews with thought leaders from the mindfulness movement and beyond. Her latest book is called Real Life: The Journey from Isolation to Openness and Freedom. In this episode, I talk to Sharon Salzberg about navigating real life. When we are faced with trials and tribulations, it feels as if we're alone. On top of that, our underlying assumptions about the world and ourselves can make us feel worse. Sharon shares with us useful tips that can help us deal with overwhelming emotions and pain. She believes that by cultivating these loving-kindness practices, it can help us feel more open and free, allowing our inner lights to shine forth.Website: www.sharonsalzberg.comTwitter: @SharonSalzberg Topics02:17 From isolation to openness and freedom05:36 Suffering from our unexamined assumptions07:33 “Shaking hands” with our emotions11:35 Looking within with love15:38 Guilt, shame, and remorse19:23 Loving-kindness exercises23:33 “When we connect with others, we find ourselves”27:07 The light within us all30:34 The Dalai Lama’s visit to insight meditation society33:15 Widening our window of tolerance39:11 Allow yourself to feel joy40:57 Dealing with illness and physical pain48:00 Aspiration powers our journey

The Journey from Isolation to Openness and Freedom || Sharon Salzberg

Today we welcome Dr. Anil Seth. He is the Professor of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience at the University of Sussex, where he is also Co-Director of the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science. His research has been supported by the European Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Dr. Seth’s 2017 main-stage TED talk is one of the most popular science TED talks, with more than 13 million views. His latest book, which has received numerous accolades, is called Being You: A New Science of Consciousness.In this episode, I talk to Dr. Anil Seth about the new science of consciousness. Although we don’t exactly know how or why consciousness exists, Dr. Seth thinks this shouldn’t stop us from exploring its properties. One of the things he explores in his research is the conditions for consciousness. Everyone has their own way of perceiving the world. Perceptual diversity exists and we would be misguided to try and standardize consciousness on a single dimension. We also touch on the topics of intelligence, panpsychism, free will, AI technology, and the after life. Website: www.anilseth.comTwitter: @anilkseth Topics02:08 The hard problem of consciousness07:02 The value of inner experiences12:22 Experiencing is consciousness15:51 Panpsychism 19:01 The condition for consciousness21:38 Neuroscience of consciousness27:32 Perceptual diversity37:09 Perception Census43:00 Can we measure consciousness?49:13 Individual differences in experiencing 56:40 Experience of free will is not an illusion1:09:24 Cybernetic free will1:12:55 Can artificial intelligence produce consciousness? 1:24:24 The desire to persist

The New Science of Consciousness || Anil Seth

Today we welcome Kenneth Play and Madison Sloane Holland.Kenneth Play is an international sex expert and sex educator. Named “the world’s greatest sex hacker” by GQ, he has been featured by more than one hundred media outlets, including The New York Times, Men’s Health, Cosmopolitan, and Huffington Post. He is the creator of the Sex Hacker Pro Series, and author of Beyond Satisfied. His work has helped millions of men gain lasting confidence and competence. Madison Sloane Holland is a sex and empowerment coach, intimacy expert, and co-host of the top-rated sex podcast, Pleasure Positive Living. In this episode, I talked to Kenneth and Madison about how to increase sexual pleasure. Most people fail to realize their full sexual potential, partly because sex education in America is fear and shame driven. As a result, people turn to different forms of media, which can create unrealistic expectations and insecurities. Kenneth and Madison dispel the most common sex myths and talk about how we can empower both men and women to take charge of their own pleasure.Websites: kennethplay.com & www.pleasurepositiveliving.com/guideInstagram: @Kenneth_Play & @sugar.sloane_madisonKenneth’s E-book: https://bit.ly/ScottKennethPodcastKenneth’s free training on VICE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zA3iQ1aR5IY Topics04:22 What is sex hacking?06:05 Shortcomings of American sex education09:37 How block ourselves from pleasure13:05 Transcendent sexuality and peak experiences22:27 Pleasure for healing and intimacy26:04 The orgasm gap32:33 Erotic context matters37:48 Male sexual empowerment45:52 Myths about sexual pleasure54:36 Going after our deepest desires

How to Increase Your Sexual Pleasure || Kenneth Play and Madison Sloane Holland

Today we welcome Dr. Anne Fausto-Sterling. She is the Nancy Duke Lewis Professor Emerita of Biology and Gender Studies in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry at Brown University. Her books and scholarly articles are referenced widely in feminist and scientific inquiry. She has received grants and fellowships in both the sciences and the humanities. In 2020, she re-released Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality with updated research.In this episode, I talked to Anne Fausto-Sterling about gender/sex and the body. During the sixties, the term “gender” was introduced to make a distinction between a person’s biology and psychology. But Dr. Fausto-Sterling believes that these can never really be separate. Biology influences gender—and the opposite is also true. Culture and context can influence our hormones and body systems. We also touch on the topics of gender dysphoria, feminism, intersexuality, trans issues, and child development.Website: annefaustosterling.comTwitter: @Fausto_Sterling Topics02:52 Dr. Fausto-Sterling’s background and expertise07:58 Sexual invert, eonist, & transvestite14:42 Gender identity disorder in the DSM19:47 Transgenderism and non-binaries21:49 The Five Sexes25:27 “Gender is always changing the biology”30:08 Redefining sex 34:54 Intersex inclusivity40:29 Feminists labeled as TERFs43:39 Sex should be functional45:45 Moral panic about bathrooms, sports, jail50:00 Addressing issues in context55:50 Dynamic Systems Framework for Gender/Sex Development57:54 Dr. Fausto-Sterling’s call to end sex differences research

Gender/Sex and the Body || Anne Fausto-Sterling

Today we welcome Debra Soh, Marco Del Giudice, and Buck Angel.Dr. Debra Soh is a neuroscientist who specializes in gender, sex, and sexual orientation. She holds a PhD in neuroscience with scientific expertise in paraphilias, hypersexuality, and child sexual abuse prevention. As a journalist, her writing has appeared in several publications like the New York Post, the Wall Street Journal, and many more. In 2020, she published her first book called “The End of Gender”.Dr. Marco Del Giudice is an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. He received his bachelors in psychology and doctorate in cognitive science from the University of Turin in Italy. He has over a hundred scientific publications on personality, motivation, attachment styles, psychopathology, sex differences, and other topics. In 2016 he was granted the Early Career Award of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society (HBES).Buck Angel is an adult-film producer, performer and motivational speaker who also works as an advocate, educator, lecturer and writer. He has served on the Board of Directors of the Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance from 2010 to 2016. Born as a biological female, Buck conquered a lifetime of adversity to undergo his transformation to become the healthy, happy, self-confident man that he is today. Buck created the first FTM adult website in 2003, and became the first FTM adult entertainer and film producer. In 2007, Buck made history again as the first transexual man to ever win the AVN transexual performer of the year award. In this episode, I talk to Debra, Marco, and Buck about the scientific realities of biological sex. There is considerable opposition against the idea that sex is binary. But denying science because it doesn’t seem to fit our gender beliefs can be dangerous. As ironic as it seems, when we acknowledge biology, we can accommodate more variation better than our preconceived, rigid social norms.Website: drdebrasoh.com , marcodg.net , buckangel.comTwitter: @DrDebraSoh & @BuckAngel Topics04:08 Dr. Marco’s background and expertise 06:41 Dr. Debra’s background and expertise07:48 Buck’s background and expertise10:02 Shift from ‘transexual’ to ‘transgender’ 12:35 The separation of sex and gender21:33 Why feminists reject biology27:27 “It is transphobic to deny biology”30:51 Extreme trans activism 40:00 Transgenders vs TERFs43:07 Being gender fluid is trendy44:18 Losing the nuances in gender47:49 The evolutionary perspective of traits55:05 Dismantling the definition of woman58:46 De-transitioning and safe healthcare1:07:03 The construction of gender identity1:14:25 Social transitioning through pronouns1:22:32 Non-binary and non-specific labels1:28:42 Prioritizing truth over feelings

The Scientific Realities of Biological Sex || Debra Soh, Marco Del Giudice, & Buck Angel

Today we welcome Dr. Carole Hooven. For the past six years, she served as a lecturer and co-director of undergraduate studies at Harvard’s department of Human Evolutionary Biology. She has received numerous teaching awards, and her popular Hormones and Behavior class was named one of the Harvard Crimson’s “top ten tried and true.” Currently, Dr. Hooven has moved to the Psychology department where she works as an associate at Steven Pinker’s lab. Her latest book is called T: The Story of Testosterone, the Hormone that Dominates and Divides Us.In this episode, I talked to Dr. Carole Hooven about the science of testosterone. Why do males have higher rates of physical violence, take on more risk, and desire more sexual partners? Dr. Hooven’s research points to testosterone as the answer. Although sex differences may stem from biology, variations in behavior may be better explained by genetics interacting with culture. We also touch on the topics of evolutionary biology, gender dysphoria, gender-affirming care, and academic freedom.Website: carolehooven.comTwitter: @hoovlet Topics02:49 Dr. Carole’s background and expertise09:26 Sex differences in mental rotation21:38 How hormones work24:47 The uses and effects of testosterone28:00 Testosterone, risk, and violence31:23 Genetic and cultural differences35:33 Trans women’s athletic advantages38:51 Let scientists conduct research44:22 Side effects of puberty blockers49:31 Evidence-informed view of transitioning56:30 There is no trans phenotype59:22 The TERFs vs trans debates1:03:28 Suppression of academic freedom1:06:48 Untangle science from politics1:09:15 Can we modify our chromosomes?

The Science of Testosterone || Carole Hooven

Today we welcome Aaron Rabinowitz and Callie Wright. Aaron is a lecturer in philosophy at Rutgers University. He hosts the Embrace The Void and Philosophers in Space podcast. He specializes in ethics, metaethics, and problems surrounding AI and personhood. He earned his M.A. in Philosophy from Colorado State University.Callie is a freelance audio producer and the host of the Queersplaining podcast. They are non-binary trans person.In this episode, I talk to Aaron and Callie about gender and trans issues. When it comes to transgendered folk, we tend to focus on extreme examples that are far removed from reality. Some people think being transgender is a social contagion, while others reject the reality of gender altogether. Callie shares how transitioning has allowed them to become their most authentic self. Aaron sheds light on the issues of consent, autonomy, identity, and medical ethics. Both Callie and Aaron recognize that specific topics can negatively skew public opinion, which is why addressing misconceptions and highlighting the lived experiences of trans men, women, and non-binary individuals are crucial to the conversation.Website: voidpod.com & queersplaining.comTwitter: @ETVPod & @calliegetsit Topics03:15 Introducing Callie05:14 Introducing Aaron08:27 Callie coming out as trans17:06 Ideology over science 23:32 Transphobia is real25:28 Social contagion and moral panic33:29 Pushing the anti-trans agenda 35:56 “Have a trans child or a dead child”41:13 Extreme trans activists47:13 The gender critical movement44:47 The world operates on gender, not sex51:29 What does it feel like to be a trans woman?55:50 Subjectivity of gender and identity1:02:06 Why we gatekeep identities1:06:30 Trans people in sports1:23:58 Sex and gender differences1:32:47 Gender-affirming care1:39:44 Puberty blockers and transitioning 1:42:38 Medical ethics and barriers to access1:49:21 Parental consent vs child autonomy1:52:17 There is harm in waiting and seeing2:07:55 Irreversible changes in puberty2:11:43 Teaching gender in school2:15:26 Wokeness is misappropriated2:17:42 Final thoughts

Aaron Rabinowitz & Callie Wright || What We Get Wrong About Transgender People

Today we welcome Steven Kotler, the Executive Director of the Flow Research Collective. He is an award-winning journalist and one of the world’s leading experts on human performance. Steven is the author of eleven bestsellers including The Art of Impossible, The Rise of Superman, Bold, and Abundance. His work has been nominated for two Pulitzer Prizes, translated into over 50 languages, and has appeared in over 100 publications. His latest book is called Gnar Country: Growing Old, Staying Rad.Our moderator for this live discussion was Dr. Torrie Higgins, the Head Coach of the Flow Research Collective. Dr. Higgins is a deeply passionate, empathetic peak performance coach, consultant and educator whose coaching philosophy is rooted in the deep-seated belief that everyone has the potential to achieve success and growth. In her private practice, she has had the opportunity to coach a diverse range of clientele, from mountaineers preparing to summit Mount Everest and K2 to business leaders of Fortune 500 companies.In this live discussion, I talked to Steven Kotler about creativity, skill-mastery, and aging. Our society views aging as a process of decline, with our physical and mental capabilities worsening over time. Steve Kotler invites us to challenge our preconceived notions about aging by engaging in “impossible” activities that cultivate mastery and creativity. When we are able to incrementally push past our limits, we change our mindset about growing old which ultimately prolongs our longevity.  We also touch on the topics of exploration, play, social connection, flow, neuroscience, wisdom, and embodied cognition.Website: stevenkotler.comTwitter: @steven_kotler Topics04:55 Gnar Country: Growing Old, Staying Rad10:46 Challenging our limiting beliefs16:12 Narcissism vs mastery19:40 Curiosity and exploration as motivators22:24 Approach fear incrementally27:18 Why we need “replacement friends”38:44 Finding a training partner42:54 Creativity and Aging: What We Can Make With What We Have Left49:38 Intelligence, expertise, giftedness52:31 “The pursuit of wisdom thrives on joy”1:02:13 Dynamic deliberate play1:11:25 Learning through embodied cognition1:17:06 Flow and peak experiences1:23:45 Creativity as a way of being

Steven Kotler || Creativity, Skill-Mastery, and Aging

Today we welcome Eli Finkel. He is a professor at Northwestern University, where he has appointments in the psychology department and the Kellogg School of Management. In his role as director of Northwestern’s Relationships and Motivation Lab (RAMLAB), he has published more than 160 scientific papers and is a guest essayist for The New York Times. The Economist declared him “one of the leading lights in the realm of relationship psychology.” His latest book is called The All-Or-Nothing Marriage.In this episode, I talked to Eli Finkel about how the best marriages work. The institution of marriage has evolved throughout the decades. People used to tie the knot for socioeconomic purposes, but nowadays we seek to fulfill our higher need for self-actualization in relationships. According to Eli, higher expectations are not necessarily bad for marriages if people can use them strategically. Eli also shares love hacks we can implement to improve our relationships with our partners. Website: elifinkel.comTwitter: @EliJFinkel Topics02:54 Pleasure vs meaning in romance05:49 There’s no rule for marriages08:15 The pre-industrial mindset of marriage10:39 Vertical integration of needs in a relationship13:55 Expectations, goals, & fulfillment17:53 The evolution of marriage 22:30 The All or Nothing Theory of Marriage25:21 Mate evaluation theory and other studies34:48 The value of love hacks38:21 Positive attribution bias 39:36 Third-party reappraisal on conflict

Eli Finkel || How the Best Marriages Work

In each episode, we talk with inspiring scientists, thinkers, and other self-actualized individuals who will give you a greater understanding of yourself, others, and the world we live in. Scott Barry Kaufman explores the depths of human potential and tries to get a glimpse into human possibility in every episode.

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The Psychology Podcast

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