06 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:26 Motivation 0:07:51 The spectral gap 0:12:18 Ecosystem-Atmosphere Interactions 0:20:41 Historical overview of the energy balance closure problem 0:25:29 Hypotheses for potential reasons of the energy balance closure problem 0:27:49 Research approach and methods 0:31:56 Wavelet analysis 0:36:06 Large-eddy simulation 0:42:13 Scale-crossing field compaigns 0:42:19 BOREAS 0:44:12 TRENO preAlpine Observatory 0:45:17 ScaleX 0:47:18 TERENO lower Rhine/Eifel Observatory 0:48:09 Yatir forest in Israel 0:48:46 Selected results 0:48:47 Flow distortion error of sonic anemometers 0:53:45 Boreas Cande-Lake runs 0:58:11 Evaluation of energy balance closure parameterizations 1:01:42 Meso-skaligen Transport (3D) 1:15:25 Parameters for closure model 1:22:27 Partitioning of the total flux 1:31:34 Conclusions

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

06: Capturing all relevant scales of biosphere-atmosphere exchange - Measurements and computations, 11.08.2017

16 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:22 Acknowledgement 0:02:00 Introduction 0:09:35 The drag function D 0:13:04 Methods 0:17:47 Flow field (ADV measurements) 0:20:53 Space used vs Space sampled 0:22:22 Hydrodynamic preference curves 0:23:38 Specialized Behaviours Zones (SBZ) 0:26:25 Results 0:29:55 Results: How do other hydrodynamic metrics perform? 0:33:11 Drag Functions vs Mean Velocities 0:35:30 Conclusions 0:37:27 What about downstream migration? 0:38:43 Acknowledgement 0:39:39 Introduction 0:45:27 Methods 0:52:19 Methods: Numerical simulations 0:55:09 Methods: Behavioural analysis definitions 0:56:59 Results: Eels trajectories in the upstream part of the site 1:01:21 Discussion 1:07:18 Conclusions 1:09:15 References

16: Fish behaviour in response to hydrodynamic stimuli, 17.08.2017

15 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:30 Lectures outline 0:04:00 Lecture 1.1 – An introduction to Eco–Hydraulics and fish locomotion 0:04:05 What is Eco–Hydraulics? 0:05:43 Fish–migration 0:07:12 Hydraulic barriers and threats 0:16:04 The big picture 0:19:00 Fish locomotion 0:31:56 Fish sensing 0:45:36 Sight (slightly off topic) 0:47:30 References 0:48:10 Lecture 1.2 – Swimming and living in hydrodynamiclly–complex environments 0:48:33 The big picture 0:49:02 Hydrodynamically–complex environments 0:50:05 Turbulence in open channel flows 1:08:04 Swimming in turbulent flows 1:32:27 Other energy–saving strategies 1:38:07 Summary 1:38:43 Refrences

15: Eco-Hydraulics and life in moving fluids, 17.08.2017

12 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:44 Why study plants? 0:02:09 Agricultural production 0:03:54 Plant vascular transport 0:05:58 Drought kills trees 0:06:56 Question: Why do plants need (so much) water? 0:08:02 Exchange of water for CO2 0:08:27 Cost of CO2 Diffusion and Fick's law 0:14:32 Transport Processes: Diffusion and advection 0:16:08 The Advection-Diffusion equation 0:19:10 Wood microstructure 0:21:25 Question: What pressures are needed to drive flow? 0:25:23 Pressure-drop/Flow rate 0:28:10 Transport Processes: The Navier-Stokes Equation 0:36:29 The Stokes equation Hagen-Poiseuille law 0:38:20 Analogy between electric and fluidic systems 0:39:53 Sugar transport 0:42:12 What powers sugar transport? 0:45:01 Taking the blood pressure of plants 0:51:07 The Münch mechanism Osmotic pressure pump 0:52:53 The leaf is an osmotic pump 0:54:57 Synthetic Phloem: Experiments by Münch (1927)

12: Plant water movement in xylem and phloem: A new perspective, 16.08.2017

07 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:50 Reminder-where did we get to on Wednesday? 0:03:23 Time-Trace of velocity fluctuations-sweeps and ejections 0:05:40 Ejection/sweep ratios (neutral conditions) 0:08:43 Large-eddy simulation of canopy flows 0:09:34 ISL and Canopy Layer Velocity Profiles 0:10:53 Inflexion point in the velocity profile at canopy top is inevitable 0:14:47 The Mixing Layer Hypothesis 0:39:36 Summarizing the Mixing Layer Hypothesis 0:51:16 ABL-scale instabilities 0:57:57 Canopy instability process in strong shear (below downdrafts) 1:11:34 Summary of Canopy-ABL coupling in neutral to convective conditions 1:24:00 Final Comment

07: Turbulent Structure in Plant Canopies, 11.08.2017

09 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:45 What are the Sustainable Development Goals? 0:02:12 Biophysical Planetary Boundaries – Staying in the Holocene 0:04:11 Social Planetary Boundaries – can we live within the doughnut? 0:04:50 These biophysical and social boundaries are fundamentally different 0:06:09 What is a complex system? 0:08:05 Emergence 0:11:47 Self organization – Attractors 0:14:51 Complexity versus Chaos 0:18:25 History of the world in two graphs: 1, Population and technology 0:20:15 History of the world in two graphs: 2, Population and wealth 0:21:02 Attractors in the Human-Earth system 0:22:38 The Malthusian trap-a social attractor for most of human history 0:26:45 Escaping the Malthusian Trap 0:28:37 In the Post-industrial World, a minimal description of the Human-Earth System must include societal dynamics 0:30:27 We will try to construct a systems description 0:30:59 Population: the Fertility-mortality balance and its link with wealth 0:34:20 The Key Feedback from Mortality to Fertility 0:38:23 Fertility-mortality balance-the effect of urban living 0:39:47 Generation of wealth 0:41:10 Generation of wealth-economic output 0:44:17 Social State 0:52:51 Transitioning between Natural State and Open Access Order 0:57:53 Not a new Idea 0:59:02 Social State 1:00:39 Biospheric State 1:01:27 Tracing the links and feedbacks between the four state variables 1:02:17 Population 1:03:49 Economic output 1:05:09 Societal State 1:07:50 State of the Biosphere 1:13:32 Emergence and Coarse graining 1:14:50 Effect of climate change on suitability of land for growing crops 1:20:20 Syrian Civil War 1:24:39 The known Unknowns 1:25:40 We can examine the system description 1:27:30 Can the trajectory of the human-earth system be understood...? 1:28:27 some first conclusions 1:30:33 can understanding the human-earth system as a complex system help?

09: Society as a Complex System - Can we find a safe and just operating space for humanity?, 12.08.2017

05 | 0:00:00 start 0:02:19 Structure of Talk 0:02:54 Introduction 0:09:08 The purpose of models 0:15:55 Basic ingredients of models 0:19:26 Predictability and determinism 0:22:43 Nonlinear effects (Deterministic chaos) 0:27:46 Verification of models –– ''non–verifiable'' models 0:30:07 Verification of models –– no-analog communities 0:32:19 Computing models –– alternatives to general relativity 0:35:37 Computing models –– heuristic vs. physically based models 0:40:31 Extrapolation of models 0:44:28 Constituents of Climate Models 0:45:27 Climate Models: Basic variables 0:46:41 Climate Models: System of equations 0:47:23 Climate Models: Initial and boundary conditions 0:47:55 Climate Models: Straightforward solutions of the equations 0:51:25 Model zoo: Increasing complexity of models 0:53:18 Climate Models: Practical problems 0:55:52 Forecast: Changing boundary conditions 0:56:54 Forecast: Changing boundary conditions 0:57:56 Summary

05: Models and predictions: Basic ingredients, dimensionless numbers, predictions versus predictability - and what can go wrong, 10.08.2017

14 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:52 Literature 0:01:55 Centennial of On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Thompson 0:02:44 Question: Why no wheels in nature? 0:03:31 Example: Why no wheels? 0:04:37 Question: What drives evolution in biological systems? 0:04:54 Energetics of Evolution 0:06:50 Example: Size of living organisms 0:07:29 Bacterial size limited by feeding strategy 0:11:12 Sugar transport 0:11:45 The leaf is an osmotic pump 0:12:42 First mathematical model 0:14:24 Later mathematical model 0:15:14 Phloem models are complex 0:15:54 Resistor model for phloem flow speed 0:18:09 Optimal design of an osmotic pump 0:22:04 Physical limits to leaf size 0:22:59 Theophrastus, 350 BC 0:26:22 The global spectrum of plant form and function 0:27:55 Resistor model for phloem flow speed 0:28:56 limits to leaf size 0:30:29 Upper limits to leaf size 0:31:07 Lower limits to leaf size 0:35:09 Can we engineer plants that produce more sugar? 0:36:09 Drawing ''blood'' from a plant 0:36:41 Plants treat fluorescein as sugar! 0:38:04 Confocal Microscope – Photobleaching 0:38:58 Microfluid model 0:39:58 Plant sugar concentration 0:41:23 Sugar flow in plants 0:42:38 Sugar mass flow 0:42:56 Plants are optimized for efficient transport 0:43:54 Crop plants have highest concentration 0:44:40 iPhloem 2017

14: Physical limits on plant size and their organs, 16.08.2017

10 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:27 An introduction to the soil-root-system 0:01:59 Bulk Soil Properties Defined 0:07:58 Representative Elementary Volume (REV) and the continuum hypothesis 0:11:20 State equation for soil water 0:13:12 Fluxes and flow of water 0:14:41 Text-book view-Analogy to other transport laws 0:21:50 Fluxes and flow of water 0:23:31 Fluxes and flow of water: The driving gradient 0:30:48 An 'ad-hoc' derivation of Darcy's law (for saturated conditions) 0:40:44 Darcy-Forchheimer law at Moderate Reynolds Number 0:43:29 Darcy's Law and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation 0:45:11 An 'ad-hoc' derivation of Darcy's law 0:50:21 Simplified mathematical representations 0:53:58 State Equation with roots 0:55:49 Dynamic Responses 0:56:35 Broader implications of case study for Soil moisture dynamics and climate 0:57:45 Background-Soil moisture dynamics and climate 0:58:54 Experimental results 1:00:43 Qualitative Analysis of Soil Moisture Response to Rainfall Fluctuations 1:01:17 Depth-Averaged continuity 1:04:08 Sample Time Series Measurements from Duke Forest, Durham, NC 1:05:22 Modeling Soil Moisture Dynamics: ET-s relation 1:07:02 Spectral Analysis of Soil Moisture 1:13:43 Implications to climate 1:14:17 Qualitative Analysis- Systems Approach 1:14:46 Root Water Uptake 1:16:49 Soil moisture simulations 1:19:49 Future Research Trends

10: An introduction to the soil-root-system, 14.08.2017

08 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:20 Life with an Altitude 0:02:41 The Eagle's Perspective 0:04:56 The Flux Sensor's Perspective 0:05:39 Surface- Atmosphere Exchange over Inhomogeneous Terrain 0:07:17 Pattern: Spatial Scales 0:07:55 Landscape: Impose Pattern and Scale 0:08:40 Is this forest homogeneous? 0:09:17 Measured Variability depends on Resolution: 0:12:28 Plant-Environment Interaction: CO2 0:14:25 Micrometeorological Flux Measurements: 0:16:51 The Flux Footprint 0:25:44 Tigerbush (Niger) 0:27:05 Variations of Source Areas (using FSAM) 0:29:33 Tigerbush after FSAM-Filtering 0:32:40 Variation of Location Bias (using FSAM) 0:34:59 Summary 0:36:19 Does the Footprint Concept Actually Work? 0:37:14 ''Field of View'' / Footprint Varies with Time 0:38:28 Is the Vancouver Suburban Study Area Homogeneous? 0:41:45 Measured Spatial Variability of Sensible Heat Flux (QH) in Residental Vancouver Area(1986) 0:46:42 Morgan-Monroe State Forest (Indiana) 0:49:25 Location and shape of the footprint... 0:52:09 Original NDVI: 0:55:06 8–Day Flux Footprint Composite 0:55:58 Conclusions 0:57:22 Flow over Inhomogeneous Surfaces 1:08:38 Asymmetric Shear-Stress Response to Step-changes in Surface Roughness 1:13:33 Surface Texture Parameters 1:18:15 Flow over Inhomogeneous Surfaces 1:28:35 Take home points:

08: Life with an Altitude: A biosphere-Atmosphere Perspektive, 12.08.2017

03 | 0:00:00 Start 0:02:05 The atmospheric environment 0:05:37 Turbulence 0:18:42 Richardson Number 0:20:55 TKE and the turbulence spectrum 0:22:26 Boundary layers 0:26:31 Some basic concepts and formulae 0:29:27 Structure of the daytime atmospheric boundary layer 0:32:39 Dimensional Analysis 0:36:47 Neutrally stratified surface layer 0:38:00 The ubiquitous Log law 0:39:58 Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory in the ISL 0:45:33 Canopy turbulence and the roughness sublayer 0:51:41 The Roughness Sublayer and Inertial Sublayer 0:56:17 Foliage-atmosphere exchange processes at leaf level: aerodynamic drag 1:03:21 the canopy airspace; Aerodynamic drag as a fluid body force 1:05:07 The worm in the bud 1:10:07 Canopy flow Statistics 1:12:40 Organized structures in canopy flows 1:18:34 large eddies dominate canopy transport and TKE 1:25:06 Summary

03: Airflow in Plant Canopies, 09.08.2017

02 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:05 Structure of Talk 0:01:44 Very short history of land plant evolution 0:04:41 Rapid radiation of vascular plants 0:05:16 Xylem structure of vascular plants 0:07:45 Part 1 – Outline of the cohesion - tension theory 0:07:48 Anatomic features of the plant water transport system 0:08:19 Experimental evidence for sap flow 0:10:06 Outline of the cohesion – tension theory 0:15:44 Description of sap flow 0:21:14 Hazards to water transport 0:21:46 Experimental evidence for cavitation 0:22:19 Hazards to water transport – spontaneous cavitation 0:27:25 Hazards to water transport – air seeding 0:33:31 Safety measures against embolism 0:45:27 Condition for dissolution of mechanically stable bubbles 0:51:33 Xylem structure of vascular plants 0:53:53 Part2 – Restoration of conductivity and possible complications 0:53:56 Restoration of conductivity – basic idea of repair scenario 0:59:43 Bubble evolution after cavitation 1:02:10 Evolution of lumen bubble after cavitation 1:04:34 Evolution of pit bubble after caviation 1:07:07 Evolution of pit bubble near restoration of conductivity 1:09:22 Complications of the repair scenario 1:14:27 Summary

02: Introduction to the fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of cavitation in plants, 09.08.2017

04 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:59 Collaborators 0:02:12 Introduction 0:03:09 Evaporation: A Molecular Perspective 0:05:57 From ‘Molecular‘ to ‘Turbulence‘ 0:07:59 Bringing in the energy 0:10:38 Combination equation and thermal stratification effects 0:11:34 Bringing in the plants 0:13:35 Stomata and the climate system 0:15:08 Stomata and climate 0:16:21 Stomata and the climate system 0:18:37 Droughts and Forest Mortality 0:19:38 Water transport theories 0:22:45 Question: 0:23:38 Hypothesis for each system 0:27:03 Leaf gas – exchange equations 0:28:53 Contemporary empirical formulations 0:30:37 Widely used in climate models 0:32:25 Optimization model (Lan Cowan) 0:35:27 Optimization model 0:36:55 Linearized biochemical demand function 0:39:55 Optimization model 0:41:22 Recovery of empirical models 0:43:49 Stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit: Is the D^-1/2 consistent with literature responses? 0:45:29 Stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit: Is the D^-1/2 reasonable? 0:45:53 Optimization models (Linear form) 0:47:28 Apparent feed – forward mechanism 0:52:36 Optimization models and apparent feed–forward mechanism 0:53:24 Apparent feed–forward mechanism 0:53:53 Apparent feed–forward mechanism for Rubisco–limited Photosynthesis 0:55:27 Apparent feed-forward mechanism: Revisiting Bunce(1997) data 0:56:20 More on the onset of apparent feedforward mechanism 0:58:44 Revise to accommodate mesophyll 1:00:34 Linearized formulation 1:03:02 Model results 1:04:02 How to specify λ for a fluctuation water supply? 1:04:48 Plausibility argument for a constant λ on short times 1:09:01 Single dry–down time scale 1:11:17 Konrad et al. 2008: Determine λww from Stomatal pore geometry and diffusion 1:11:50 Hydraulic transport 1:12:51 Maximum hydraulic transport 1:22:16 Sugar mass transport in Phloem 1:24:14 Optimal sugar concentration 1:25:20 Putting it all together – coordination 1:26:28 Conclusions and Future Directions 1:27:49 Future Directions

04: Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange: From kinetic theory to the limits of plant life, 10.08.2017

01 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:20 Stress Physiology of Plants 0:02:27 Background - Stress 0:03:35 Relevance of drought & heat stress 0:04:32 Example: European summer drought & heat in 2003 0:05:59 Why is water shortage critical for plants? 0:06:17 The plant water highway 0:09:43 Example: Callitris - most drought-resistant conifer genus in the world 0:12:19 How can trees avoid excessive water less? 0:12:45 Tree responses to drought - Restricting water loss 0:16:13 Example: Stomatal responses to soil drought and atmospheric demand 0:18:45 Water - That's only part of the story 0:19:59 Example: Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis 0:22:36 Example: Non-structural carbohydrates during stress 0:26:05 Example: Reduced shoot-root coupling under drought 0:28:13 Summary 0:30:13 Beyond the extreme: Recovery dynamics following heat and drought stress in woody plants 0:30:23 Introduction 0:31:26 Background: Post-stress recovery 0:33:06 Recovery f(stress) 0:34:56 recovery f(stress) - Drought 0:37:01 Recovery f(stress) - Heat wave 0:38:54 Recovery of tree physiological parameters 0:42:46 Example: Heat waves induce long-term effects 0:46:07 Example: Heat waves affect phenological development in the following year 0:46:50 Example: Heat & drought-induced legacies 0:49:09 Caveat in experimental studies on recovery: Duration of post-stress observation 0:50:24 Take-home message

01: Introduction to stress physiology of plants, 09.08.2017

00 | 0:00:00 Start 0:02:45 The Speakers... 0:15:47 Introduction 0:18:49 van Leeuwenhoek's estimate 0:19:28 Projections all use logistic curve 0:20:39 Carrying capacity K 0:21:54 Equilibrium versus steady-state 0:28:06 Stability classification of logistic Equ. 0:28:58 Relaxation time scale 0:29:45 Longer term view of population growth 0:30:58 Longer term view ... 0:32:31 von Foerester et al. (1960) 0:41:16 von Foerester et al. (1960) – the Doomsday date 0:46:00 Review of Johansen and Sornette(2001) – Physica A(vol. 294, 465-502) 0:47:49 Scaling and Complex Exponents 0:52:04 Example: Human population 0:52:41 Project idea 0:54:10 Complex Exponents 0:54:37 New way to fingerprint collapse in complex systems? 0:56:11 Vorticity Equation: Instantaneous version 0:58:19 Blow up in vorticity dynamics 1:00:03 Connection to critical points in complex systems 1:01:03 Critical points 1:02:03 Critical slowdown at equilibrium points 1:03:48 Critical slow-down 1:05:25 Discrete scal invariance 1:06:48 Project idea: A dynamical model exhibiting log-periodic oscillations 1:08:41 Salient points covered in the lecture: 1:09:17 Conclusion 1:09:44 Other ideas for group projects:

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Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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